# extra
# 在QuerySet的基础上继续执行子语句
# extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)# select和select_params是一组，where和params是一组，tables用来设置from哪个表
# Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
# Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
# Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
# Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])举个例子：
models.UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'newid':'select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s'},select_params=[1,],where = ['age>%s'],params=[18,],order_by=['-age'],tables=['app01_usertype'])"""select app01_userinfo.id,(select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newidfrom app01_userinfo,app01_usertypewhere app01_userinfo.age > 18order by app01_userinfo.age desc"""# 执行原生SQL
# 更高灵活度的方式执行原生SQL语句
# from django.db import connection, connections
# cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
# cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
# row = cursor.fetchone()

##################################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
##################################################################def all(self)# 获取所有的数据对象def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)# 条件查询# 条件可以是：参数，字典，Qdef exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)# 条件查询# 条件可以是：参数，字典，Qdef select_related(self, *fields)性能相关：表之间进行join连表操作，一次性获取关联的数据。总结：1. select_related主要针一对一和多对一关系进行优化。2. select_related使用SQL的JOIN语句进行优化，通过减少SQL查询的次数来进行优化、提高性能。def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)性能相关：多表连表操作时速度会慢，使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。总结：1. 对于多对多字段（ManyToManyField）和一对多字段，可以使用prefetch_related()来进行优化。2. prefetch_related()的优化方式是分别查询每个表，然后用Python处理他们之间的关系。def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)# 用于实现聚合group by查询from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sumv = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_idv = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)# SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1def distinct(self, *field_names)# 用于distinct去重models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()# select distinct nid from userinfo注：只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重def order_by(self, *field_names)# 用于排序models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)# 构造额外的查询条件或者映射，如：子查询Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])def reverse(self):# 倒序models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()# 注：如果存在order_by，reverse则是倒序，如果多个排序则一一倒序def defer(self, *fields):models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')或models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')#映射中排除某列数据def only(self, *fields):#仅取某个表中的数据models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')或models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')def using(self, alias):指定使用的数据库，参数为别名（setting中的设置）##################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
##################################################def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):# 执行原生SQLmodels.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo')# 如果SQL是其他表时，必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表')# 为原生SQL设置参数models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])# 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)# 指定数据库models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")################### 原生SQL ###################from django.db import connection, connectionscursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)def values(self, *fields):# 获取每行数据为字典格式def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):# 获取每行数据为元祖def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容# kind只能是："year"（年）, "month"（年-月）, "day"（年-月-日）# order只能是："ASC"  "DESC"# 并获取转换后的时间- year : 年-01-01- month: 年-月-01- day  : 年-月-日models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容，将时间转换为指定时区时间# kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"# order只能是："ASC"  "DESC"# tzinfo时区对象models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))"""pip3 install pytzimport pytzpytz.all_timezonespytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)"""def none(self):# 空QuerySet对象####################################
# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
####################################def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):# 聚合函数，获取字典类型聚合结果from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sumresult = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}def count(self):# 获取个数def get(self, *args, **kwargs):# 获取单个对象def create(self, **kwargs):# 创建对象def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):# 批量插入# batch_size表示一次插入的个数objs = [models.DDD(name='r11'),models.DDD(name='r22')]models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):# 如果存在，则获取，否则，创建# defaults 指定创建时，其他字段的值obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):# 如果存在，则更新，否则，创建# defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})def first(self):# 获取第一个def last(self):# 获取最后一个def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):# 根据主键ID进行查找id_list = [11,21,31]models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)def delete(self):# 删除def update(self, **kwargs):# 更新def exists(self):# 是否有结果

LOGGING = {'version': 1,'disable_existing_loggers': False,'handlers': {'console':{'level':'DEBUG','class':'logging.StreamHandler',},},'loggers': {'django.db.backends': {'handlers': ['console'],'propagate': True,'level':'DEBUG',},}
}

import osif __name__ == '__main__':os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "BMS.settings")import djangodjango.setup()from app01 import modelsbooks = models.Book.objects.all()print(books)