Cobra命令行框架及使用

  • cobra 快速教程
    • Cobra简介
    • Cobra安装
    • Cobra项目创建
    • 修改作者信息
    • 命令的基本结构
    • 命令编译与运行
    • 为命令添加一个子命令
    • 为命令添加一个选项
    • 选项的接收与处理
    • 选项的常见类型
    • 选项的帮助信息
    • 课程总结
  • Cobra框架源码分析
    • 命令行基础概念
    • cobra子命令
    • cobra中command常用属性
    • cobra的运行流程
    • Cobra源码实现
    • 相关信息
  • 最后实战
    • 目录架构
    • 各文件代码

cobra 快速教程

Cobra简介

  • 一个用于生成命令行工具的框架（本身也是个命令行工具）
  • 简单易用
  • Kubernetes、Etcd等等都是用它来做的。

Cobra安装

go get -u github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra

确保cobra被添加到PATH环境变量中。
get -u是updata的意思。
链接的最后如果没有加上cobra的话，是不会下载exe文件的也就是说用不了cobra这个exe软件。下载之后就会在go的path路径里面的bin文件生成一个exe文件。

cobra -h
在项目中引入Cobra的方式（不建议手动引入）：
import “github.com/spf13/cobra”

Cobra项目创建

建议使用GO Module模式。首先，创建一个Go Module的项目。名称采用clid(下同)。
mkdir clid
go mod init clid
然后再clid目录中创建cobra项目。
cd clid
cobra init --pkg-name clid
即可生成。

修改作者信息

上面默认生成的Go文件中，作者信息位置为默认占位符。手动修改比较麻烦，所以建议一开始初始化的时候添加–author选项。
cobra init --pkg-name clid --athor kernelTea -l MIT
也可以指定License。

命令的基本结构

// rootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands
var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ //根命令。Use:   "cobra-demo",Short: "A brief description of your application",Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains
examples and usage of using your application. For example:
Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,// Uncomment the following line if your bare application// has an action associated with it:Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { }, //实现功能逻辑的函数。Alias: []string{}, // 别名，命令的别名。
}

命令编译与运行

go语言编译命令

cd clid
go build

go语言运行命令

./clid

为命令添加一个子命令

cobra add test

添加一个名叫test的子命令。

说明：
go version ，其中version就是子命令。

package cmdimport ("fmt""github.com/spf13/cobra"
)// testCmd represents the test command
var testCmd = &cobra.Command{Use:   "test",Short: "A brief description of your command",Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples
and usage of using your command. For example:Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {fmt.Println("test called")},
}func init() {rootCmd.AddCommand(testCmd)// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command// and all subcommands, e.g.:// testCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command// is called directly, e.g.:// testCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
}

讲解：

  1. 命令的基本结构
  2. 如何将命令绑定到父级命令上去 （看子命令的init函数，ADDCommand是绑定关系的方法）

编译运行可看到test子命令。

为命令添加一个选项

func init(){rootCmd.AddCommand(testCmd)testCmd.Flags().Boolp("verbose","v",false,"是否显示测试详情")
}

实例中添加了一个verbose选项，用以控制是否显示测试详情。

在init初始化中，有一些注释关于这个选项的说明，其中，Flags()方法里面有很多选项类型，如字符串、ip地址等等。

  • 为子命令再添加子命令
func init(){cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)……省略其中代码cmd1.AddCommand(cmd11, cmd12)rootCmd.AddCommand(cmd1,cmd2)
}

编译运行效果。

选项的接收与处理

var testcmd = &cobra.Command{Use: "test",Short: "短的说明",Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string){verbose, err := cmd.Flags().GetBool("verbose")if err != nil {fmt.Println("获取命令选项出错")return}fmt.Printf("获取到命令选项值：%t\n",verbose)},
}

选项的常见类型

  • 布尔值
  • 数字（各类整数、浮点数等等）
  • 字符串
  • 其它高级类型 如IP地址，掩码等等

选项的帮助信息

// SetHelpFunc sets help function. Can be defined by Application.
func (c *Command) SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string)){c.helpFunc = f
}// SetHlpCommand sets help command.
func (c *Command) SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command) {c.helpCommand = cmd
}// SetHelpTemplate sets help template to be used. Application can use it to set custom template.
func(c *Command) SetHelpTemplate(s string) {c.helpTemplate = s
}

help命令的帮助信息：

func (c *Command) InitDefaultHelpCmd(){if !c.HasSubCommands(){return}if c.helpCommand == nil{c.helpCommand = &Command{Use: "help [command]",Short: "Help about any command",Long: `Help provides help for any command in the application.Simply type ` + c.Name() + `help [path to command] for full details.`,Run: func(c *Command, args []string){cmd, _, e := c.Root().Find(args)if cmd == nil || e !=nil {c.Printf("Unknown help topic %#q\n", args)c.Root().Usage()} else {cmd.InitDefaultHelpFlag() // make possible 'help' flag to be showncmd.Help()}},}}c.RemoveCommand(c.helpCommand)c.AddCommand(c.helpCommand)
}

---Short: "Help about " + c.Name(),
---

课程总结

  • 简介
  • 安装、创建项目、修改作者信息
  • 命令、子命令、选项
  • 帮助信息

Cobra框架源码分析

命令行基础概念

go      Command 命令
go run main.go      Argument
go run main.go --config=app.conf    Flag? SubCommand?

cobra子命令

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.box{stroke:none;stroke-width:0;fill:#ECECFF;opacity:0.7}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .edgeLabel text{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .stateLabel text{fill:#000;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;font-family:var(--mermaid-font-family)}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .node circle.state-start{fill:black;stroke:black}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .node circle.state-end{fill:black;stroke:white;stroke-width:1.5}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe #statediagram-barbEnd{fill:#9370db}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-cluster rect{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370db;stroke-width:1px}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-cluster rect.outer{rx:5px;ry:5px}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-state .divider{stroke:#9370db}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-state .title-state{rx:5px;ry:5px}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-cluster.statediagram-cluster .inner{fill:white}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-cluster.statediagram-cluster-alt .inner{fill:#e0e0e0}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-cluster .inner{rx:0;ry:0}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-state rect.basic{rx:5px;ry:5px}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-state rect.divider{stroke-dasharray:10,10;fill:#efefef}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .note-edge{stroke-dasharray:5}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .statediagram-note rect{fill:#fff5ad;stroke:#aa3;stroke-width:1px;rx:0;ry:0}:root{--mermaid-font-family: '"trebuchet ms", verdana, arial';--mermaid-font-family: "Comic Sans MS", "Comic Sans", cursive}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .error-icon{fill:#522}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .error-text{fill:#522;stroke:#522}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:2px}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .marker{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe .marker.cross{stroke:#333}:root { --mermaid-font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;}#mermaid-svg-NiT3vVb7r1YxYhqe {color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);font: ;}

Root命令
cmd1子命令
cmd2子命令
cmd11子子命令
cmd12子子命令

cobra中command常用属性

var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{Use: "",Short: "",Long: "",Example: "",Version: "1.1.0",Aliases: []string{""},SuggestFor: []string{},Args: cobra.ExactArgs(2),// Uncomment the following line if your bare application// has an action associated with it:Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string){print()},
}

cobra的运行流程

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path{stroke-width:0}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .today{fill:none;stroke:red;stroke-width:2px}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .task{stroke-width:2}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .taskText{text-anchor:middle;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;font-family:var(--mermaid-font-family)}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .taskText:not([font-size]){font-size:11px}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .taskTextOutsideRight{fill:#000;text-anchor:start;font-size:11px;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;font-family:var(--mermaid-font-family)}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .taskTextOutsideLeft{fill:#000;text-anchor:end;font-size:11px}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .task.clickable{cursor:pointer}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .taskText.clickable{cursor:pointer;fill:#003163 !important;font-weight:bold}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .taskTextOutsideLeft.clickable{cursor:pointer;fill:#003163 !important;font-weight:bold}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg 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.doneCrit3{stroke:#f88;fill:#d3d3d3;stroke-width:2;cursor:pointer;shape-rendering:crispEdges}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .milestone{transform:rotate(45deg) scale(0.8, 0.8)}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .milestoneText{font-style:italic}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .doneCritText0,#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .doneCritText1,#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .doneCritText2,#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .doneCritText3{fill:#000 !important}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .activeCritText0,#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .activeCritText1,#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .activeCritText2,#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .activeCritText3{fill:#000 !important}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .titleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#000;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;font-family:var(--mermaid-font-family)}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg g.classGroup text{fill:#9370db;stroke:none;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, 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.statediagram-cluster.statediagram-cluster-alt .inner{fill:#e0e0e0}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .statediagram-cluster .inner{rx:0;ry:0}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .statediagram-state rect.basic{rx:5px;ry:5px}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .statediagram-state rect.divider{stroke-dasharray:10,10;fill:#efefef}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .note-edge{stroke-dasharray:5}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .statediagram-note rect{fill:#fff5ad;stroke:#aa3;stroke-width:1px;rx:0;ry:0}:root{--mermaid-font-family: '"trebuchet ms", verdana, arial';--mermaid-font-family: "Comic Sans MS", "Comic Sans", cursive}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .error-icon{fill:#522}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .error-text{fill:#522;stroke:#522}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:2px}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0}#mermaid-svg-rwF5uoIRpTT8jAsg 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PersistentPreRun
PreRun
Run
PostRun
PersisPostRun

Cobra源码实现

源代码中，几个文件重点关注。

  • 参数 （args.go args_test.go）
  • 通用设置 (cobra.go cobra_test.go)
  • command结构 (command.go command_notwin.go command_test.go command_win.go)

相关信息

框架源码官方github
https://github.com/spf13/cobra
源码分析视频
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Uz4y1R7Xy
实战视频
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ka4y177iK/?p=7&spm_id_from=pageDriver

最后实战

目录架构

各文件代码

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