目录

  • Basic Ray Tracing
    • prepare
    • render
    • shader
    • 小结
  • Ray Traced Shadows
    • prepare
    • render
    • shader
    • 小结

Basic Ray Tracing

prepare

  • VkPhysicalDeviceRayTracingPipelinePropertiesKHR

    • 获取光追管线属性
    • VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE_PROPERTIES_KHR
    • VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2
    • vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2
  • VkPhysicalDeviceAccelerationStructureFeaturesKHR
    • 获取加速属性
    • VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2
    • vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2
  • 获取此示例所需的与光线跟踪和加速度结构相关的函数指针
    • PFN_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR
    • PFN_vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
    • PFN_vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
    • PFN_vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR
    • PFN_vkDestroyAccelerationStructureKHR
    • PFN_vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR
    • PFN_vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR
    • PFN_vkCmdTraceRaysKHR
    • PFN_vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR
    • PFN_vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR
  • createBottomLevelAccelerationStructure: 在本地创建模型底层加速结构信息
    • 创建包含场景实际几何体（顶点、三角形）的底层加速结构
    • 创建一个三角形的VBO IBO
      • createBuffer: VBO 这里没有使用staging buffer
      • createBuffer: IBO
      • createBuffer: Transform buffer
    • 创建三个VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR,分别存放三个buffer的指针(deviceAddress)
      • vertexBufferDeviceAddress : getBufferDeviceAddress
      • indexBufferDeviceAddress: getBufferDeviceAddress
      • transformBufferDeviceAddress: getBufferDeviceAddress
    • 创建加速结构
      • VkAccelerationStructureGeometryKHR

        • 参数数模型的一些基本属性
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR: 几何信息
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR:Get size info
      • createAccelerationStructureBuffer: 创建加速结构buffer
        • VkBufferCreateInfo:特殊的参数

          • sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO
          • usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_STORAGE_BIT_KHR
        • vkCreateBuffer: 下面使用的参数结构体都使用加速结构相关参数
        • vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements
        • vkAllocateMemory
        • vkBindBufferMemory
      • VkAccelerationStructureCreateInfoKHR
      • vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR: 创建加速结构
      • 创建光追加速结构数据buffer
        • RayTracingScratchBuffer = createScratchBuffer()

          • 创建暂存缓冲区(ScratchBuffer)以保存线追加速结构数据
          • RayTracingScratchBuffer:结构体
          • VkBufferCreateInfo
          • vkCreateBuffer
          • vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements
          • vkAllocateMemory
          • vkBindBufferMemory
          • VkBufferDeviceAddressInfoKHR:结构体
          • vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR
      • accelerationStructureFeatures.accelerationStructureHostCommands
        • 获取本机属性, 判断硬件是否支持加速结构创建
        • 支持在Host中创建buffer
          • vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
        • 不支持就在驱动(device)创建
          • createCommandBuffer
          • vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
          • flushCommandBuffer
      • VkAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressInfoKHR:结构体
      • vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR
        • 获取加速结构指针(address)
      • deleteScratchBuffer
        • 删除 ScratchBuffer

          • vkFreeMemory
          • vkDestroyBuffer
  • createTopLevelAccelerationStructure: 创建顶层加速结构信息(scene’s object instances)
    • TopLevel和BottomLevel的区别, 个人认为 BottomLevel 创建每个面片的AABB的加速结构, 而TopLevel是根据模型AABB创建加速结构
    • VkTransformMatrixKHR: 单位矩阵
    • VkAccelerationStructureInstanceKHR
    • Buffer for instance data
      • createBuffer
    • VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR
    • getBufferDeviceAddress:从用于获取光追所需的缓冲区的设备地址
      • VkBufferDeviceAddressInfoKHR
      • vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR
    • VkAccelerationStructureGeometryKHR
      • geometryType = VK_GEOMETRY_TYPE_INSTANCES_KHR

        • 这里将加速结构的信息设置为instance
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR:结构体
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR: 结构体
      • vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR
      • createAccelerationStructureBuffer
        • 创建加速结构buffer
      • VkAccelerationStructureCreateInfoKHR
      • RayTracingScratchBuffer = createScratchBuffer(): BottomLevel 中使用同样方法
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR
      • accelerationStructureFeatures.accelerationStructureHostCommands
        • true: vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
        • false:
          • createCommandBuffer
          • vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
          • flushCommandBuffer
      • VkAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressInfoKHR:结构体
      • deleteScratchBuffer
      • instancesBuffer.destroy()
  • createStorageImage(): 存放光追渲染结果:
    - VkImageCreateInfo image = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
    - vkCreateImage
    - vkGetImageMemoryRequirements
    - vkAllocateMemory
    - vkBindImageMemory
    - VkImageViewCreateInfo
    - vkCreateImageView
    - createCommandBuffer
    - setImageLayout
    - flushCommandBuffer
  • createUniformBuffer
    • createBuffer
    • updateUniformBuffers
  • createRayTracingPipeline
    • VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding:结构体
    • VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo:结构体
    • vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout
    • VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo
    • vkCreatePipelineLayout
    • Setup ray tracing shader groups
      • VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
      • Ray generation group
        • VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR: 结构体,存放shader和其他配置信息

          • shader: raygen.rgen.spv
      • Miss group: 光追未命中
        • VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR
        • shader: miss.rmiss.spv
      • Closest hit group: 光追命中
        • VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR
        • shader: closesthit.rchit.spv
    • Create the ray tracing pipeline
      • VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoKHR:结构体
      • vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR
  • createShaderBindingTable
    • 创建用于加速结构的 shader 绑定表(Shader Binding Tables)-(SBT)
    • vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR
      • createBuffer: 创建SBT – raygen

        • 使用字段VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_BINDING_TABLE_BIT_KHR
      • createBuffer: miss
      • createBuffer: hit
      • memcpy
      • memcpy
      • memcpy
  • createDescriptorSets
    • vkCreateDescriptorPool
    • vkAllocateDescriptorSets
    • writeDescriptorSet
    • writeDescriptorSet
    • vkUpdateDescriptorSets
  • buildCommandBuffers
    • handleResize

      • vkDestroyImageView
      • vkDestroyImage
      • vkFreeMemory
      • createStorageImage：之前有用到该方法
        • vkUpdateDescriptorSets
    • vkBeginCommandBuffer
    • 在着色器绑定表中设置指向着色器的缓冲区
      • VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR： raygen SBT

        • getBufferDeviceAddress
      • VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR： miss SBT
        • getBufferDeviceAddress
      • VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR： hit SBT
        • getBufferDeviceAddress
    • vkCmdBindPipeline
      • VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR
    • vkCmdBindDescriptorSets
    • vkCmdTraceRaysKHR
    • Copy ray tracing output to swap chain image
      • setImageLayout
    • Prepare ray tracing output image as transfer source
      • setImageLayout
    • vkCmdCopyImage
    • setImageLayout
    • setImageLayout
    • vkEndCommandBuffer

render

  • draw

    • prepareFrame
    • vkQueueSubmit
    • submitFrame
  • updateUniformBuffers

shader

  • raygen.rgen：计算与顶层加速结构碰撞的点

    • #extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
    //需要绑定topLevel的加速结构
layout(binding = 0, set = 0) uniform accelerationStructureEXT topLevelAS;
layout(binding = 1, set = 0, rgba8) uniform image2D image;
layout(binding = 2, set = 0) uniform CameraProperties
    • layout(location = 0) rayPayloadEXT vec3 hitValue;

      • 射线Hit的坐标信息
    void main()
{//获取像素中心像素值const vec2 pixelCenter = vec2(gl_LaunchIDEXT.xy) + vec2(0.5);//获取获取中心像素对于的uv值const vec2 inUV = pixelCenter/vec2(gl_LaunchSizeEXT.xy);vec2 d = inUV * 2.0 - 1.0;//获取射线的原点，和出射方向vec4 origin = cam.viewInverse * vec4(0,0,0,1);vec4 target = cam.projInverse * vec4(d.x, d.y, 1, 1) ;vec4 direction = cam.viewInverse*vec4(normalize(target.xyz), 0) ;//设置射线t的值范围float tmin = 0.001;float tmax = 10000.0;hitValue = vec3(0.0);//根据topLevel加速结构和射线获取与加速结构碰撞的点坐标//猜测traceRayEXT的结果存储在rayPayloadEXT中traceRayEXT(topLevelAS, gl_RayFlagsOpaqueEXT, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, origin.xyz, tmin, direction.xyz, tmax, 0);//将所有光线命中的点存储在图片中imageStore(image, ivec2(gl_LaunchIDEXT.xy), vec4(hitValue, 0.0));
}

  • miss.rmiss:

    #version 460
#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
//没太看明白， 应该是，如果射线与加速结构不相交，给一个默认值
layout(location = 0) rayPayloadInEXT vec3 hitValue;void main()
{hitValue = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.2);
}

  • closesthit.rchit

#version 460
#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : enable
//如果命中输出局部重心坐标的值
layout(location = 0) rayPayloadInEXT vec3 hitValue;
//命中点的局部重心坐标信息
hitAttributeEXT vec3 attribs;void main()
{const vec3 barycentricCoords = vec3(1.0f - attribs.x - attribs.y, attribs.x, attribs.y);hitValue = barycentricCoords;
}

小结

  这节主要将vulkan光追加速结构的设置方法，以及如何使用shader计算hit点。感觉封装的有点严重。但是大概能理解实现原理。从shader中只能看出，这里只是输出从渲染图像中，从每个像素发射射线所命中模型面片位置的局部中心坐标信息。至于如何渲染出最终结果这里还看不出来。估计这里只是把局部重心坐标的值作为颜色输出了（确定了， 就是这样子。 在miss阶段给了z的值为0.2，正是渲染结果的背景色）。

Ray Traced Shadows

prepare

  • createBottomLevelAccelerationStructure: 在本地创建模型底层加速结构信息

    • loadFromFile：加载模型
    • 创建两个VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR,分别存放vbo和ibo的指针(deviceAddress)
      • vertexBufferDeviceAddress : getBufferDeviceAddress
      • indexBufferDeviceAddress: getBufferDeviceAddress
    • 创建加速结构
      • VkAccelerationStructureGeometryKHR

        • 参数数模型的一些基本属性
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR: 几何信息
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR:Get size info
      • vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR
      • createAccelerationStructure: 创建加速结构buffer
        • VkBufferCreateInfo:特殊的参数

          • sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO
          • usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_STORAGE_BIT_KHR
        • vkCreateBuffer: 下面使用的参数结构体都使用加速结构相关参数
        • vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements
        • vkAllocateMemory
        • vkBindBufferMemory
        • VkAccelerationStructureCreateInfoKHR
        • vkCreateAccelerationStructureKHR: 创建加速结构
        • vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR: AS device address
    • createScratchBuffer
      • 在构建底层加速结构的过程中创建一个小的scratch缓冲区
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR:
      • VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR
    • accelerationStructureFeatures.accelerationStructureHostCommands
      • 是

        • vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
      • 否
        • createCommandBuffer
        • vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
        • flushCommandBuffer
    • deleteScratchBuffer
  • createTopLevelAccelerationStructure
    • 创建 top level 加速结构
    • VkAccelerationStructureInstanceKHR
    • createBuffer: for instance data
    • VkDeviceOrHostAddressConstKHR
    • getBufferDeviceAddress
    • VkAccelerationStructureGeometryKHR
    • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR
    • VkAccelerationStructureBuildSizesInfoKHR
    • vkGetAccelerationStructureBuildSizesKHR
    • createAccelerationStructure()
    • createScratchBuffer ()
    • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR
    • VkAccelerationStructureBuildGeometryInfoKHR
    • VkAccelerationStructureBuildRangeInfoKHR
    • accelerationStructureFeatures.accelerationStructureHostCommands
      • 是

        • vkBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
      • 否
        • createCommandBuffer
        • vkCmdBuildAccelerationStructuresKHR
        • flushCommandBuffer
    • deleteScratchBuffer
    • instancesBuffer.destroy()
  • createStorageImage(): 存放光追渲染结果:
    - VkImageCreateInfo image = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
    - vkCreateImage
    - vkGetImageMemoryRequirements
    - vkAllocateMemory
    - vkBindImageMemory
    - VkImageViewCreateInfo
    - vkCreateImageView
    - createCommandBuffer
    - setImageLayout
    - flushCommandBuffer
  • createUniformBuffer
    • createBuffer
    • updateUniformBuffers
  • createRayTracingPipeline
    • VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding:结构体
    • VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo:结构体
    • vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout
    • VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo
    • vkCreatePipelineLayout
    • Setup ray tracing shader groups
      • VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
      • Ray generation group
        • VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR: 结构体,存放shader和其他配置信息

          • shader: raygen.rgen.spv
      • Miss group: 光追未命中
        • VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR
        • shader: miss.rmiss.spv
        • shader: Second shader for shadows
      • Closest hit group: 光追命中
        • VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR
        • shader: closesthit.rchit.spv
    • Create the ray tracing pipeline
      • VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoKHR:结构体
      • vkCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR
  • createShaderBindingTable
    • 创建用于加速结构的 shader 绑定表(Shader Binding Tables)-(SBT)
    • vkGetRayTracingShaderGroupHandlesKHR
    • createShaderBindingTable:创建三个SBT
      • createBuffer: 创建SBT – raygen

        • 使用字段VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_BINDING_TABLE_BIT_KHR
      • createBuffer: miss
      • createBuffer: hit
      • memcpy
      • memcpy
      • memcpy
  • createDescriptorSets
    • vkCreateDescriptorPool
    • vkAllocateDescriptorSets
    • writeDescriptorSet: Ray tracing result image
    • writeDescriptorSet: Uniform data
    • writeDescriptorSet: Scene vertex buffer
    • writeDescriptorSet: Scene index buffer
    • vkUpdateDescriptorSets
  • buildCommandBuffers
    • handleResize

      • createStorageImage
      • storageImageDescriptor
      • writeDescriptorSet
    • vkBeginCommandBuffer
    • vkCmdBindPipeline
    • vkCmdBindDescriptorSets
    • vkCmdTraceRaysKHR
    • Copy ray tracing output to swap chain image
      • setImageLayout
      • setImageLayout
      • vkCmdCopyImage
      • setImageLayout
      • setImageLayout
    • vkEndCommandBuffer

render

  • draw

    • prepareFrame
    • vkQueueSubmit
    • submitFrame
  • updateUniformBuffers

shader

  • raygen.rgen：计算与顶层加速结构碰撞的点

    • #extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
    //需要绑定topLevel的加速结构
layout(binding = 0, set = 0) uniform accelerationStructureEXT topLevelAS;
layout(binding = 1, set = 0, rgba8) uniform image2D image;
layout(binding = 2, set = 0) uniform CameraProperties
    • layout(location = 0) rayPayloadEXT vec3 hitValue;

      • 射线Hit的坐标信息
    void main()
{//获取像素中心像素值const vec2 pixelCenter = vec2(gl_LaunchIDEXT.xy) + vec2(0.5);//获取获取中心像素对于的uv值const vec2 inUV = pixelCenter/vec2(gl_LaunchSizeEXT.xy);vec2 d = inUV * 2.0 - 1.0;//获取射线的原点，和出射方向vec4 origin = cam.viewInverse * vec4(0,0,0,1);vec4 target = cam.projInverse * vec4(d.x, d.y, 1, 1) ;vec4 direction = cam.viewInverse*vec4(normalize(target.xyz), 0) ;//设置射线t的值范围float tmin = 0.001;float tmax = 10000.0;hitValue = vec3(0.0);//根据topLevel加速结构和射线获取与加速结构碰撞的点坐标//猜测traceRayEXT的结果存储在rayPayloadEXT中traceRayEXT(topLevelAS, gl_RayFlagsOpaqueEXT, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, origin.xyz, tmin, direction.xyz, tmax, 0);//将所有光线命中的点存储在图片中imageStore(image, ivec2(gl_LaunchIDEXT.xy), vec4(hitValue, 0.0));
}

  • miss.rmiss:

    #version 460
#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
layout(location = 0) rayPayloadInEXT vec3 hitValue;void main()
{hitValue = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.2);
}

  • shadow.rmiss:

#version 460
#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : requirelayout(location = 2) rayPayloadInEXT bool shadowed;void main()
{shadowed = false;
}
  • closesthit.rchit
#version 460
#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : require
#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : enablelayout(location = 0) rayPayloadInEXT vec3 hitValue;
layout(location = 2) rayPayloadEXT bool shadowed;
hitAttributeEXT vec3 attribs;layout(binding = 0, set = 0) uniform accelerationStructureEXT topLevelAS;
layout(binding = 2, set = 0) uniform UBO
{mat4 viewInverse;mat4 projInverse;vec4 lightPos;int vertexSize;
} ubo;
layout(binding = 3, set = 0) buffer Vertices { vec4 v[]; } vertices;
layout(binding = 4, set = 0) buffer Indices { uint i[]; } indices;struct Vertex
{vec3 pos;vec3 normal;vec2 uv;vec4 color;vec4 _pad0;vec4 _pad1;};Vertex unpack(uint index)
{// Unpack the vertices from the SSBO using the glTF vertex structure// The multiplier is the size of the vertex divided by four float components (=16 bytes)const int m = ubo.vertexSize / 16;vec4 d0 = vertices.v[m * index + 0];vec4 d1 = vertices.v[m * index + 1];vec4 d2 = vertices.v[m * index + 2];Vertex v;v.pos = d0.xyz;v.normal = vec3(d0.w, d1.x, d1.y);v.color = vec4(d2.x, d2.y, d2.z, 1.0);return v;
}void main()
{//获取当前模型面片索引ivec3 index = ivec3(indices.i[3 * gl_PrimitiveID], indices.i[3 * gl_PrimitiveID + 1], indices.i[3 * gl_PrimitiveID + 2]);//获取模型顶点的所有信息Vertex v0 = unpack(index.x);Vertex v1 = unpack(index.y);Vertex v2 = unpack(index.z);// Interpolate normal//计算hit点的重心坐标const vec3 barycentricCoords = vec3(1.0f - attribs.x - attribs.y, attribs.x, attribs.y);//根据重心坐标计算hit处的法线vec3 normal = normalize(v0.normal * barycentricCoords.x + v1.normal * barycentricCoords.y + v2.normal * barycentricCoords.z);// Basic lightingvec3 lightVector = normalize(ubo.lightPos.xyz);float dot_product = max(dot(lightVector, normal), 0.2);//获取hit处的base colorhitValue = v0.color.rgb * dot_product;// Shadow castingfloat tmin = 0.001;float tmax = 10000.0;//获取hit顶点数据: 射线原点 + 时间*方向vec3 origin = gl_WorldRayOriginEXT + gl_WorldRayDirectionEXT * gl_HitTEXT;shadowed = true;  //再次使用traceRayEXT方法计算是否有阴影// gl_RayFlagsTerminateOnFirstHitEXT , 第一次命中的点// gl_RayFlagsOpaqueEXT : 是否有透明材质// gl_RayFlagsSkipClosestHitShaderEXT: 跳过已命中的点// lightVector: 是否有阴影射线方向是光源的方向// Trace shadow ray and offset indices to match shadow hit/miss shader group indicestraceRayEXT(topLevelAS, gl_RayFlagsTerminateOnFirstHitEXT | gl_RayFlagsOpaqueEXT | gl_RayFlagsSkipClosestHitShaderEXT, 0xFF, 1, 0, 1, origin, tmin, lightVector, tmax, 2);if (shadowed) {hitValue *= 0.3;}
}

小结

  这节主要将vulkan光追阴影处理的方式, 感觉计算阴影的方法比较暴力, 直接在hit出发射出一条指向光源的光线, 如果命中就是存在阴影. 总体来看, vulkan 封装了光追的方法, 实现光追只需使用好这三个shader即可.

Vulkan Samples 阅读 -- Hardware Accelerated Ray Tracing（一） Basic Ray Tracing Ray Traced Shadows相关推荐

  1. Vulkan Samples 阅读 -- Extensions（二）

    目录 Conditional Rendering prepare render shader 小结 Debug Markers Negative Viewport Height prepare ren ...

  2. Ray入门指南（1）----ray分布式框架的介绍

    使用ray,你需要解决以下两个问题: 1.ray执行异步任务时是怎样实现平行的.(ray集群中每个节点共享本节点本地存储,节点中worker并行运行,集群间worker的并行) 2.ray是怎样使用对 ...

  3. Ray入门指南（2）----Ray API

    Ray API 此篇主要介绍Ray的API.主要有两部分,一部分是ray再python代码中的应用:另一部分是ray在命令行中的应用. ray.init(redis_address=None, num ...

  4. Your WebGL implementation doesn't seem to support hardware accelerated rendering. Check your browser

    报错原因 电脑不支持gpu硬件加速 首先检查电脑是否支持硬件加速,检查方法见以下链接 https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/148a1921f009fb4d70c3b17 ...

  5. CSS开启硬件加速 hardware accelerated

    作者:孙志勇 微博 日期:2016年12月6日 一.时效性 所有信息都具有时效性.文章的价值,往往跟时间有很大关联.特别是技术类文章,请注意本文创建时间,如果本文过于久远,请读者酌情考量,莫要浪费时间 ...

  6. 【Vulkan】Sparse Resources（一）【Basic】

    Vulkan Sparse Resources(一)[Basic] 资源定义 Sparse 资源简介 Sparse 资源特性 sparseBinding sparseResidency sparseR ...

  7. Arduino文档阅读笔记-4 WHEEL ROBOT CAR BASIC EXAMPLE

    Arduino小车有很多种,包括2个轮子,4个轮子.都有. 下面这个实例来做一个最基础的4轮小车,下面将说明各个功能和代码. 首先得先准备这样的一辆4个轮子的小车. 再选这样的一个扩展板: 电机控制板 ...

  8. 《Ray Tracing in One Weekend》阅读笔记 - 5、表面法线和多个物体

    对于表面法向量的设计决策,有两个要考虑的问题: 1.是否要用单位长度 "首先是这些法线是否为单位长度.这对于阴影很方便,所以我会说yes,但我不会在代码中执行它.这可能会出现一些细微的bug ...

  9. 总结《Ray Tracing from the Ground Up》

    之前已经学习过<Ray Tracing in One Weekend>和<An Introduction to Ray Tracing>的一些内容,相关总结文档链接如下: 总结 ...

最新文章

  1. k8s组件批量启动、查看状态
  2. [bzoj 5332][SDOI2018]旧试题
  3. ITK:遮罩图像的归一化相关性
  4. Ionic(ionicframework)一款接近原生的Html5移动App开发框架 中文网
  5. windows渗透大全
  6. samba 实现不同操作系统之间的文件共享
  7. php启用openssl,php怎么开启openssl模块
  8. 盘点大型分布式网站术语
  9. React Native使用指南-使用链接库
  10. net 进阶学习 WebApi (2)
  11. [大数据之Sqoop] —— 什么是Sqoop?
  12. 嵩天《Python网络爬虫与信息提取》实例4：股票数据定向爬虫
  13. ubuntu使用byzanz截取gif动态图
  14. w ndows10图标,Win10桌面图标没了怎么办?Win10桌面快捷方式消失了解决方法
  15. Felix入门与实践（一）
  16. 杨百翰大学计算机科学专业,杨百翰大学有哪些专业_专业排名
  17. dfs之解救小哈-c语言
  18. JeeSite（2）：导入数据，进入系统
  19. 2 Tables and Table Clusters读书笔记
  20. 记录一下在上海考驾照经历

热门文章

  1. el-tooltip disabled属性失效
  2. 北信科1011 K. paulzhou和方程 [组合数学+差分序列]【数学】
  3. Hadoop学习（11）-MapReduce的核心运行机制
  4. C语言模拟实现硬盘柱面访问调度算法
  5. Gradle开发环境配置
  6. 写给即将正在找工作的Android攻城狮，算法太TM重要了
  7. java se与jdk的关系_JDK与Java SE/EE/ME的区别
  8. Ubuntu安装Sublime Text 3--解决无法使用搜狗中文输入法
  9. 判断一个字符串是否是对称字符串
  10. 腾讯云短信发送（php - think PHP 6)