英语中常见从句的简化
简化宾语从句
一、当主句的谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句的主语相一致时,从句可简化为不定式结构。如:
Su Feng hopes he will be back very soon. = Su Feng hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him. = We decided to help him.
二、当主句的谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,且主句与从句的主语一致时,宾语从句可转换为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
She has forgotten how she can open the window.= She has forgotten how to open the window.
当主句的谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后面带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?= Could you tell me how to get to the station?
但是,如果间接宾语与从句的主语不一致时,一般不要把宾语从句简化,否则会产生歧义。如:
He didn’t tell me where he would go. 不能改为 He didn’t tell me where to go.
试理解两个句子的意思。
三、当主句的谓语动词是order, require等时,如果主句与从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可转换为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。如:
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.= The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
四、在某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其它形式简化。如:
He insisted that he should go with us. = He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn't know when and where he was born. = The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
五、某些动词后的宾语从句可转换为“宾语+V.-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”。如:
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.= Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
六、动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来转换,但句型要进行适当的变化。如:
It seemed that the boys were going to win. = The boys seemed to win.
除了上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转换。如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.= I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.= Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.= They found the box very heavy.
简化状语从句
在复合句中,常常根据主句和从句的关系把复合句分为名词性从句、副词性从句(即通常所说的状语从句)及形容词性从句(即通常所说的定语从句)。就状语从句而言,有时为了使句子言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行“简化”。
状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless, whether等引导的让步状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though, wh-ever等引导的让步状语从句; ③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till, once等引导的时间状语从句; ④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句; ⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
下面针对状语从句的“简化”现象归纳讲解。
一、当状语从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be时,it和be可完全简化掉。例如:
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting on time unless (it is) inconvenient to you.
除非情况对你不便,否则你必须出席这个会议。
二、当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下情形:
1. 连词+形容词
As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.
他小时候就学会了怎样骑自行车。
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping. 她有空就去购物。
Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
2. 连词+名词
While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.
他在孩提时代,就乐于助人。
3. 连词+现在分词
As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks. 尽管近来他一直在努力学数学,但仍然没有取得好成绩。
4. 连词+过去分词
He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.
除非受到邀请,否则他是不会和我们一道去那儿的。
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.
这场音乐会出乎意料地获得了巨大成功。
5. 连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.
他站起来好像要说点什么。
He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.
即使他来负责也解决不了这个问题。
6. 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.
她看上去很焦虑,就好像是遇到了麻烦。
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.
他到美国之前就精通英语了。
注意:若从句主语和主句主语不一致,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-place.
当会议结束时,所有的人都走出了会场。(=The meeting over, ...)
简化定语从句
定语从句简化的方法常见的有以下几种:
Ⅰ、把定语从句简化为形容词短语作定语。例如:
She received a box which was full of gifts.
→She received a box full of gifts.
她收到了满满一盒子礼物。
Ⅱ、把定语从句简化为介词短语。例如:
The books which lie under the bed aren‘t worth reading.
→The books under the bed aren‘t worth reading.
床下那些书不值得读。
Ⅲ、把定语从句简化为不定式或不定式短语作定语。例如:
Have you anything that you want to say at the meeting?
→Have you anything to say at the meeting?
你在会上有什么要说的吗?
Ⅳ、把定语从句变成不定式复合结构作定语。例如:
Is there anything else that we can do?
→Is there anything else for us to do?
还有其它我们可做的事吗?
Ⅴ、把定语从句简化成现在分词短语作定语。例如:
The boy who stands against the door is his younger brother.
→The boy standing against the door is his younger brother.
靠门站着的那个男孩是他弟弟。
Ⅵ、把定语从句简化为过去分词短语作定语。例如:
The dictionary which my mother bought for me is very useful.
→The dictionary bought for me by my mother is very useful.
我母亲给我买的那本词典非常有用。
另外:还可以把表明身份、职业等非限定性定语从句简化为同位语结构。例如:
Lao Zhang, who was our hospital driver,died yesterday.
→Lao Zhang, our hospital driver, died yesterday.
老张,我们医院的司机,昨天去世了。
The old man,who is a famous scientist,is coming to give us a report.
→The old man,a famous scientist,is coming to give us a report.
那位老人,一个著名的科学家,要来给我们作报告。
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