3分钟配置好静态路由
2024-07-04 20:49:25
实验目的
1. 了解静态路由的原理
2. 掌握静态路由的配置
实验任务
1. 任务1
2. 任务2
任务1：实验拓扑
任务1：实验需求
1. 根据实验拓扑图，完成设备的基本配置；
2. 在路由器R1、R2、R3上配置静态路由，保证全网路由可达；
任务1：实验步骤
步骤1：设备的基本配置
配置PC1：VPCS> set pcname PC1 //设置主机名PC1> ip 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.254 //设置IP地址与网关
配置PC2：VPCS> set pcname PC2PC2> ip 192.168.2.1/24 192.168.2.254
配置R1：Router>enableRouter#configure terminalRouter(config)#hostname R1R1(config)#no ip domain-lookupR1(config)#line console 0R1(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0R1(config-line)#logging synchronousR1(config-line)#exitR1(config)#interface ethernet0/0R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shutdownR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#interface serial1/0R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shutdownR1(config-if)#endR1#
配置R2：Router>enableRouter#configure terminalRouter(config)#hostname R2R2(config)#no ip domain-lookupR2(config)#line console 0R2(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0R2(config-line)#logging synchronousR2(config-line)#exitR2(config)#interface serial1/0R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0R2(config-if)#no shutdownR2(config-if)#exitR2(config)#interface serial1/1R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.23.2 255.255.255.0R2(config-if)#no shutdownR2(config-if)#endR2#
配置R3：Router>enableRouter#configure terminalRouter(config)#hostname R3R3(config)#no ip domain-lookupR3(config)#line console 0R3(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0R3(config-line)#logging synchronousR3(config-line)#exitR3(config)#interface ethernet0/0R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.254 255.255.255.0R3(config-if)#no shutdownR3(config-if)#exitR3(config)#interface serial1/0R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.23.3 255.255.255.0R3(config-if)#no shutdownR3(config-if)#endR3#
步骤2：检查设备接口状态
检查PC1：
PC1> show ipNAME : PC1[1]IP/MASK : 192.168.1.1/24GATEWAY : 192.168.1.254DNS :MAC : 00:50:79:66:68:04LPORT : 20000RHOST:PORT : 127.0.0.1:30000MTU : 1500
检查R1：
R1#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolEthernet0/0 192.168.1.254 YES manual up upEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/0 192.168.12.1 YES manual up upSerial1/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
检查R2：
R2#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/0 192.168.12.2 YES manual up upSerial1/1 192.168.23.2 YES manual up upSerial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
检查R3：
R3#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolEthernet0/0 192.168.2.254 YES manual up upEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/0 192.168.23.3 YES manual up upSerial1/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downSerial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
检查PC2：
PC2> show ipNAME : PC2[1]IP/MASK : 192.168.2.1/24GATEWAY : 192.168.2.254DNS :MAC : 00:50:79:66:68:05LPORT : 20000RHOST:PORT : 127.0.0.1:30000MTU : 1500
步骤3：测试直连网络的连通性
测试PC1跟网关的网络连通性：
PC1> ping 192.168.1.25484 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.359 ms84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.459 ms84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.463 ms84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.403 ms84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.417 ms
测试R1跟R2之间的网络连通性：
R1#ping 192.168.12.2Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.12.2, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 8/9/10 ms
测试R2跟R3之间的网络连通性：
R2#ping 192.168.23.3Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.23.3, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 9/9/11 ms
测试PC2跟网关的网络连通性：
PC2> ping 192.168.2.25484 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.469 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.484 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.518 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.400 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.405 ms注意，虽然设备之间的网络连通性正常了，但是PC1和PC2之间的网络是不可达的：PC1> ping 192.168.2.1*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.345 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.462 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.543 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.494 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.467 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)因为PC1把数据包发送给R1后，R1没有到达网络192.168.2.0/24的路由，所以R1无法转发数据包。
检查R1的路由表：
R1#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not set192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0R1只有两条直连路由，分别是192.168.1.0/24和192.168.12.0/24。因此，我们需要在R1上配置去往192.168.2.0/24的静态路由。
步骤4：配置静态路由
配置R1：
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2//当然也可以跟出接口路由要有去有回网络才能通，所以R3上要配置回程路由。
配置R3：
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 1/0//当然也可以跟下一跳另外，沿途的路由器也要有去往源和目标网络的路由。
配置R2：
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.1//当然也可以跟出接口R2(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.23.3//当然也可以跟出接口这样当PC1把数据包发送给R1时，R1查路由表：R1#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not set192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.12.2192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0R1有到达网络192.168.2.0/24的路由，所以R1把数据包发送给下一跳R2，R2检查路由表：R2#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not setS 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.12.1S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.23.3192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.12.2/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1L 192.168.23.2/32 is directly connected, Serial1/1R2有到达网络192.168.2.0/24的路由，所以R2把数据包发送给下一跳R3，R3检查路由表：R3#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not setS 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0R3上192.168.2.0/24是自己的直连网络，所以R3把数据包直接发给PC2。回程数据包的转发原理一样，这里不再撰述。
步骤5：测试PC1跟PC2的网络连通性
PC1> ping 192.168.2.184 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=61 time=22.503 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=18.859 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=19.251 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=19.350 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=17.856 ms因为需求要求全网路由可达；如果这个时候在R1上Ping PC2，能不能通呢？不能！在R1上Ping PC2，数据包源地址是192.168.12.1，数据包能到达PC2，但是回不来，因为R3上没有到达192.168.12.0/24的路由；同理，R3上Ping PC1也不通，因为R1没有到达192.168.23.0/24的路由。
检查R3的路由表：
R3#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not setS 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0R3没有到达网络192.168.12.0/24的路由。
配置R3：
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.23.2//当然也可以跟出接口
同理，配置R1：
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.23.0 255.255.255.0 serial 1/0//当然也可以跟下一跳
检查R1的路由表：
R1#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not set192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.12.2192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0S 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0R1有到达192.168.2.0/24和192.168.23.0/24的路由。
检查R3的路由表：
R3#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is not setS 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0S 192.168.12.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.23.2192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0R3有到达192.168.1.0/24和192.168.12.0/24的路由。
步骤6：测试网络连通性
在PC1上测试：
PC1> ping 192.168.2.184 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=61 time=21.429 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=18.079 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=19.108 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=19.006 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=18.163 msPC1> ping 192.168.23.384 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=1 ttl=253 time=18.265 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=2 ttl=253 time=18.186 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=3 ttl=253 time=18.184 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=4 ttl=253 time=18.257 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=5 ttl=253 time=18.240 msPC1> ping 192.168.12.284 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=9.899 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=9.380 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=9.159 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=9.300 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=9.268 ms
任务2：实验拓扑
任务2：实验需求
1. 在R1和R3上删除任务1的静态路由；
2. 在路由器R1、R3上配置默认路由，使得全网路由可达。
任务2：实验步骤
步骤1：删除R1和R3上的静态路由并配置默认路由
配置R1：
R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.23.0 255.255.255.0 Serial1/0R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.2
配置R3：
R3(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial1/0R3(config)#no ip route 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.23.2R3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.23.2
步骤2：检查默认路由
检查R1：
R1#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is 192.168.12.2 to network 0.0.0.0S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.12.2192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0检查R3：R3#show ip routeCodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static routeo - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISPa - application route+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfRGateway of last resort is 192.168.23.2 to network 0.0.0.0S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.23.2192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0
步骤3：网络连通性测试
PC1> ping 192.168.2.184 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=61 time=20.698 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=19.478 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=18.593 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=19.404 ms84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=19.616 msPC1> ping 192.168.23.384 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=1 ttl=253 time=22.048 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=2 ttl=253 time=20.271 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=3 ttl=253 time=19.362 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=4 ttl=253 time=20.110 ms84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=5 ttl=253 time=21.321 msPC1> ping 192.168.12.284 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=10.201 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=10.220 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=8.304 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=9.170 ms84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=10.084 ms
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