Linux（Centos7）安装oracle12c

第一步：到oracle官网上下载oracle12c的镜像文件

第二步：添加用户和组

用普通用户登录后，打开命令行工具（terminal）

转到root用户

[vmtest@localhost ~]$ su root

Password:

添加组

[root@localhost vmtest]# groupadd dba

添加用户

[root@localhost vmtest]# useradd oracle

将oracle用户分配给dba组

[root@localhost vmtest]# usermod -g dba oracle

为oracle用户设置密码

[root@localhost vmtest]# passwd oracle

Changing password for user oracle.

New password:

BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters

Retype new password:

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

检查刚才创建的用户和密码

[root@localhost vmtest]# tail /etc/group

gdm:x:42:

gnome-initial-setup:x:983:

avahi:x:70:

slocate:x:21:

sshd:x:74:

tcpdump:x:72:

oprofile:x:16:

vmtest:x:1000:vmtest

dba:x:1001:

oracle:x:1002:

[root@localhost vmtest]# tail /etc/passwd

nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFSUser:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin

pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio SystemDaemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin

gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin

gnome-initial-setup:x:988:983::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin

avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SDStack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin

sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separatedSSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin

tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin

oprofile:x:16:16:Special user account to be used byOProfile:/var/lib/oprofile:/sbin/nologin

vmtest:x:1000:1000:vmtest:/home/vmtest:/bin/bash

oracle:x:1001:1001::/home/oracle:/bin/bash

第三步：创建安装目录

新建文件夹（软件目录）

[root@localhost vmtest]# mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle

将文件夹分配给用户oracle

[root@localhost vmtest]# chown oracle:dba /u01/app/oracle

设置文件夹权限

[root@localhost vmtest]# chmod 777 /u01/app/oracle

新建附属文件夹

[root@localhost vmtest]# mkdir /u01/app/oraInventory

[root@localhost vmtest]# chown oracle:dba /u01/app/oraInventory

[root@localhost vmtest]# chmod 775 /u01/app/oraInventory

验证刚才的操作

[root@localhost vmtest]# ls -l /u01/app

total 0

drwxrwxrwx. 2 oracle dba 6 Aug 2 07:52 oracle

drwxrwxr-x. 2 oracle dba 6 Aug 2 07:55 oraInventory

第四步：修改linux内核文件

打开/etc/sysctl.conf，

[root@localhost vmtest]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

按键盘上i，进入插入模式，将红色那一段文字添加到文件末尾，按esc，然后输入:wq保存

# sysctl settings are defined through files in

# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.

# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.

# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in

# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override

# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later

# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.

# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).

kernel.shmmax = 68719476736

kernel.shmall = 6029312

kernel.shmmni = 4096

kernel.sem =250 32000 100 128

net.core.rmem_default = 262144

net.core.rmem_max = 4194304

net.core.wmem_default = 262144

net.core.wmem_max = 262144

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range =9000 65500

fs.file-max=65536

fs.aio-max-nr=1048576

"/etc/sysctl.conf" 55L, 794C written

修改limits文件

[root@localhost vmtest]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf

# /etc/security/limits.conf

#This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in viaPAM.

#It does not affect resource limits of the system services.

#Also note that configuration files in /etc/security/limits.ddirectory,

#which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings inthis

#file in case the domain is the same or more specific.

#That means for example that setting a limit for wildcard domainhere

#can be overriden with a wildcard setting in a config file inthe

#subdirectory, but a user specific setting here can be overridenonly

#with a user specific setting in the subdirectory.

#Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:

#<domain> <type> <item> <value>

#Where:

#<domain> can be:

# - a user name

# - a group name,with @group syntax

# - the wildcard *,for default entry

# - the wildcard %,can be also used with %group syntax,

# formaxlogin limit

#<type> can have the two values:

# -"soft" for enforcing the soft limits

# -"hard" for enforcing hard limits

#<item> can be one of the following:

# - core - limitsthe core file size (KB)

# - data - max data size (KB)

# - fsize - maximumfilesize (KB)

# - memlock - maxlocked-in-memory address space (KB)

# - nofile - maxnumber of open file descriptors

# - rss - maxresident set size (KB)

# - stack - maxstack size (KB)

# - cpu - max CPUtime (MIN)

# - nproc - maxnumber of processes

# - as - addressspace limit (KB)

# - maxlogins - maxnumber of logins for this user

# - maxsyslogins -max number of logins on the system

# - priority - thepriority to run user process with

# - locks - maxnumber of file locks the user can hold

# - sigpending -max number of pending signals

# - msgqueue - maxmemory used by POSIX message queues (bytes)

# - nice - max nicepriority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19]

# - rtprio - maxrealtime priority

#<domain> <type> <item> <value>

#* soft core 0

#* hard rss 10000

#@student hard nproc 20

#@faculty soft nproc 20

#@faculty hard nproc 50

#ftp hard nproc 0

#@student - maxlogins 4

# End of file

oracle soft nproc 2047

oracle hard nproc 16384

oracle soft nofile 1024

oracle hard nofile 65536

oracle soft stack 10240

oracle hard stack 10240

"/etc/security/limits.conf" 84L, 2588C written

[root@localhost vmtest]# vi /etc/pam.d/login

#%PAM-1.0

auth [user_unknown=ignore success=ok ignore=ignore default=bad]pam_securetty.so

auth substack system-auth

auth include postlogin

account required pam_nologin.so

account include system-auth

password include system-auth

# pam_selinux.so close should be the first session rule

session required pam_selinux.so close

session required pam_loginuid.so

session optional pam_console.so

# pam_selinux.so open should only be followed by sessions to beexecuted in the user context

session required pam_selinux.so open

session required pam_namespace.so

session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke

session include system-auth

session include postlogin

-session optional pam_ck_connector.so

session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so

session required pam_limits.so

"/etc/pam.d/login" 23L, 878C written

修改hosts

[root@localhost vmtest]# vi /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhostlocalhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1 localhostlocalhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

192.168.189.128 localhost.localdomain //主机名

192.168.189.128 localhost

"/etc/hosts" 6L, 224C written

内核文件修改结束，重启电脑并以oracle用户登录

第五步：配置oracle用户下的概要文件

在oracle用户下，修改文件.bashrc，红色为需要添加的内容

[oracle@localhost ~]$ vi /home/oracle/.bashrc

# .bashrc

# Source global definitions

if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then

. /etc/bashrc

# Uncomment the following line if you don't like systemctl'sauto-paging feature:

# export SYSTEMD_PAGER=

# User specific aliases and functions

umask 002

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle //oracle安装目录，与第三步创建的安装目录相同

export ORACLE_BASE

ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1 //oracle软件包目录

export ORACLE_HOME

ORACLE_SID=orcl

export ORACLE_SID

PATH=/usr/bin:/bin:usr/local/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/bin/X11R6

PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

export PATH

export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK

".bashrc" 37L, 515C written

.bash_profile环境变量设置

#vi .bash_profile

exportORACL_BASE=/u01/app/oracle /*oracle安装目录*/
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1 /运行目录/

exportORACLE_SID=orcl /数据库实例名/

export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin /sqlplus运行目录/

第六步：上传并解压oracle软件包

我用的是secureCRT远程工具，用secureCRT连接到linux服务器后，定位到想上传的文件夹

# cd /home/oracle/Downloads

# rz

输入rz，打开文件框，

找到要上传的文件，点击“add”，然后点击“OK”，开始上传

注：如果服务器安装的是centos，默认会带有rzsz工具，如果没有这个工具，在服务器上下载lrzsz软件包，安装上就行。

上传之后，解压文件

用命令行检查加压后的文件是否属于用户oracle

[oracle@localhost ~]$ cd /home/oracle/Downloads

[oracle@localhost Downloads]$ ls -l

total 4176512

drwxr-xr-x. 7 oracle dba 117 Jan 27 2017 database

-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle dba 3453696911 Jul 27 08:40linuxx64_12201_database.zip

第七步：安装oracle

定位到刚才解压的文件夹

# cd /home/oracle/Downloads/database

# ./runInstaller

等一会，安装程序启动

不注册，到下一步

选第二项：只安装数据库软件，（到后面进行手动配置）

这里两个路径是第五步中设置的ORACLE_BASE和ORACLE_HOME变量

这个路径是第三步建的第二个文件夹

到这一步，会有依赖项提示，解决依赖包问题会是比较麻烦的，我们选的centos7系统本身带的依赖包是比较全的，现在我们只解决划红线这一项，其他都忽略即可。

首先查一下与所需依赖包相关的其他包的版本号

# rpm –qa | grep libaio

Libaio-0.3.109-13.el7.x86_64

现在根据这个版本号，找libaio-devel-0.3.109-13.el7.x86_64这个rpm包（网上搜）

定位到上传的文件夹

$ cd /home/oracle/Downloads

显示所有文件

$ ls

切换到root账号下，安装文件

$ su root

Password:

$ rpm –ivh libaio-devel-0.3.109-13.el7.x86_64

重新检查依赖项，发现刚才那个警告没有了。

其他三项全部忽略，如果在安装过程中还报其他依赖项的错误，反过头来按照这个步骤安装相应依赖包。

等吧…

安装完成。

切换到root用户

运行 ./root.sh

# cd $ORACLE_HOME

# ./root.sh

Performing root user operation.

The following environment variables are set as:

ORACLE_OWNER= oracle

ORACLE_HOME= /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1

Enter the full pathname of the local bin directory:[/usr/local/bin]:

Copying dbhome to/usr/local/bin ...

Copying oraenv to/usr/local/bin ...

Copying coraenv to/usr/local/bin ...

Creating /etc/oratab file...

Entries will be added to the /etc/oratab file as needed by

Database Configuration Assistant when a database is created

Finished running generic part of root script.

Now product-specific root actions will be performed.

Do you want to setup Oracle Trace File Analyzer (TFA) now ?yes|[no] :

yes

Installing Oracle Trace File Analyzer (TFA).

Log File:/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/install/root_localhost.localdomain_2017-08-08_08-15-23-754009678.log

Finished installing Oracle Trace File Analyzer (TFA)

安装完成。

第八步：创建数据库

在命令行输入

# dbca

如果输入dbca没反应，那应该是第五步里的ORACLE_BASE和ORACLE_HOME环境变量设置错误。

等吧。。。

安装完成

第九步：配置监听（用于远程连接数据库）

在命令行输入netca

服务名与第五步里SID一致

修改配置文件

打开listener.ora

$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin

$ vi listener.ora

在文件末尾添加

SID_LIST_LISTENER=
(SID_LIST=
      (SID_DESC=
                     #BEQUEATH CONFIG
         (GLOBAL_DBNAME=orcl)
         (SID_NAME=orcl)
        (ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1)
                     #PRESPAWN CONFIG
        (PRESPAWN_MAX=20)
        (PRESPAWN_LIST=
         (PRESPAWN_DESC=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(POOL_SIZE=2)(TIMEOUT=1))
        )
       )
      )

保存，重启

第十步：启动数据库和监听

在命令行输入

$ sqlplus / as sysdba

启动数据库

SQL> startup

退出sql

Sql>exit

启动监听

$ lsnrctl start

OK，服务器和监听全部启动。

第十一步：其他设置

如果没有安装防火墙组件，先安装，指令如下

#yum install systemd
#yum install firewalld

关闭防火墙

# systemctl stop firewalld.service

关闭开机制动启动

# systemctl disable firewalld.service

如果客户端不是oracle12c，比如是oracle11g，需要修改文件（如果没有则新建）：

$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora，在该文件最后添加一行文字（不需重启oracle）：

SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION=8

在登录时，如果出现ORA-01017：用户名密码错误的信息，可能是由于oracle12c对用户名大小写敏感造成的，可以通过系统用户登录sqlplus

#sqlplus / as sysdba

并通过下列语句修改

sql> alter system set sec_case_sensitive_logon = false;

修改后如果还报用户名错误，那么在服务器端重新设置用户的密码，就可以了

Sql>alter user test1user identified by ****;

第十二步：测试远程连接

通过sqlplus创建表空间

SQL> create tablespaceNOTIFYDB datafile '$ORACLE_BASE/oradata/orcl/test1.dbf' size 100M reuse autoextendon next 40M maxsize 1000M;

Tablespace created.

创建用户

SQL> create user test1user identified by test1pw defaulttablespace NOTIFYDB

2 ;

User created.

为用户授权

SQL> grant dba to test1user;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant connect,resource to test1user;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant select any table to test1user;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant delete any table to test1user;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant update any table to test1user;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant insert any table to test1user;

Grant succeeded.

通过plsql连接该表空间

成功。

最后一步：设置oracle数据库和监听程序开机自动启动。

切换到root用户

编辑文件/etc/oratab

[root@localhost dbhome_1]# vi /etc/oratab

# This file is used by ORACLE utilities. It is created by root.sh

# and updated by either Database Configuration Assistant whilecreating

# a database or ASM Configuration Assistant while creating ASMinstance.

# A colon, ':', is used as the field terminator. A new line terminates

# the entry. Linesbeginning with a pound sign, '#', are comments.

# Entries are of the form:

# $ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>:

# The first and second fields are the system identifier and home

# directory of the database respectively. The third field indicates

# to the dbstart utility that the database should ,"Y", or should not,

# "N", be brought up at system boot time.

# Multiple entries with the same $ORACLE_SID are not allowed.

orcl:/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1:Y

添加上面最后一行文字，保存。

编辑文件rc.local并添加最后两行文字

[root@localhost dbhome_1]# vi /etc/rc.d/rc.local

su oracle -lc "/opt/oracle/102/bin/lsnrctl start"

#!/bin/bash

# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES

# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udevrules

# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.

# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel executionduring boot

# this script will NOT be run after all other services.

# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' toensure

# that this script will be executed during boot.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local

su oracle -lc"/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/lsnrctl start"

su oracle -lc/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/dbstart

其中第一行因为lsnrctl之后有空格，需要引号，第二行加不加引号都可以。修改完保存退出即可。

但是还有一个很重要的问题，如果是在以前的centos版本中，这样就可以了。但是centos7 的/etc/rc.local不会开机执行，是因为

#!/bin/bash

# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES

# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules

# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.

# In constrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot

# this script will NOT be run after all other services.

# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure

# that this script will be executed during boot.

翻译：

#这个文件是为了兼容性的问题而添加的。
#强烈建议创建自己的systemd服务或udev规则来在开机时运行脚本而不是使用这个文件。
#与以前的版本引导时的并行执行相比较，这个脚本将不会在其他所有的服务后执行。
#请记住，你必须执行“chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local”来确保确保这个脚本在引导时执行。

好，现在执行指令

# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

设置完成

重启

用指令lsnrctl status 看监听程序是否打开

登录sqlplus / as sysdba

如果显示

表示数据库已经启动，

如果现实：

Connect to an idle database

说明数据库没有启动

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