Linux-打包压缩-date-rpm-yum-磁盘管理（分区fdisk/gdisk）-systemd-修改root密码
2024-05-10 06:51:43
打包压缩
压缩包工具.zip #zip压缩工具 .bz2 #bzip2压缩工具，只能压缩文件，会删除源文件.gz #gzip压缩工具，只能压缩文件，会删除源文件tar.gz #gzip压缩，使用tar打包tar.bz2 #使用bzip2压缩，使用tar打包zip
zip #打包压缩
选项：-r #递归压缩-q #静默输出-T #检查压缩包是完整unzip #解压zip格式的压缩包
选项：-d #指定解压的目录-l #查看压缩包的内容-t #检查压缩包里面的内容是否完整-q #静默输出#下载安装
[root@qls ~]# yum install -y zip unzip[root@qls ~]# cp /etc/services ./
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 08:46 services
[root@qls ~]# zip ser.zip services adding: services (deflated 80%)
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 792
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 08:46 services
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 136227 Aug 20 08:46 ser.zip
[root@qls ~]# ll -h
total 792K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 655K Aug 20 08:46 services
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 134K Aug 20 08:46 ser.zip
[root@qls ~]# zip -T ser
services ser.zip
[root@qls ~]# zip -T ser.zip
test of ser.zip OK
[root@qls ~]# unzip services
Archive: servicesEnd-of-central-directory signature not found. Either this file is nota zipfile, or it constitutes one disk of a multi-part archive. In thelatter case the central directory and zipfile comment will be found onthe last disk(s) of this archive.
unzip: cannot find zipfile directory in one of services orservices.zip, and cannot find services.ZIP, period.
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 792
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 08:46 services
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 136227 Aug 20 08:46 ser.zip
[root@qls ~]# unzip ser.zip -d /opt/
Archive: ser.zipinflating: /opt/services
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root setgid 0 Aug 19 01:03 file9
-rw-r--r--. 1 root setgid 670293 Aug 20 08:46 servicesgz格式，gzip
gzip #只能压缩文件，会删除源文件
选项：-d #解压-r #压缩目录下的所有文件zcat #查看gzip格式压缩包[root@qls ~]# gzip services
[root@qls ~]# zcat services.gz
[root@qls ~]# gzip -d services.gzbzip2
#只能压缩文件，会删除源文件[root@qls ~]# bzip2 services #压缩
[root@qls ~]# bzcat services.bz2 #查看压缩包的内容
[root@qls ~]# bzip2 -d services.bz2 #解压tar
tar #打包工具
选项z #使用gzip格式压缩j #使用bzip2格式压缩J #使用xz格式压缩c #创建压缩包f #指定压缩包名v #显示打包过程zcft #查看压缩包里面的内容tfx #解压，根据压缩自动解压xf-C #指定解压路径P #使用绝对路径打包h #打包软连接X #指定排除列表--exclude #排除--exclude-from=xxx #排除列表[root@qls ~]# tar zcvf services.tar.gz services
services[root@qls ~]# tar zcf etc.tar.gz /etc[root@qls ~]# tar xf etc.tar.gz[root@qls ~]# tar xf etc.tar.gz -C /opt/#解除压缩时，删根的操作
[root@qls ~]# cd /
[root@qls /]# tar zcf root/etc.tar.gz etc/[root@qls ~]# tar zcPf etc1.tar.gz /etc[root@qls ~]# tar jcf etc.bz2 /etc #使用bz2格式打包
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names[root@qls ~]# tar Jcf etc.xz /etc[root@qls ~]# tar zchf rc1.tzr.gz /etc/rc.local [root@qls ~]# tar czf etc.tar.gz --exclude=/etc/hosts /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 9980
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10216073 Aug 20 09:52 etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc.tar.gz | grep hosts
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/lang_ext
etc/hosts.allow
etc/hosts.deny[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc.tar.gz --exclude=/etc/{hosts,hostname} /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 9980
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10215980 Aug 20 09:54 etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc.tar.gz | grep -E 'hosts|hostname'
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/lang_ext
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/lang_ext
etc/hosts.allow
etc/hosts.deny
etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.hostname1.conf[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc.tar.gz --exclude=/etc/hosts --exclude=/etc/passwd /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc.tar.gz | grep -E 'hosts|passwd'
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/lang_ext
etc/hosts.allow
etc/hosts.deny
etc/passwd-
etc/security/opasswd
etc/pam.d/passwd[root@qls ~]# cat paichu.list
/etc/hosts
/etc/hostname
/etc/passwd
/etc/fstab
/etc/services
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 9984
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10215966 Aug 20 09:55 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 62 Aug 20 09:56 paichu.list
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc1.tar.gz -X paichu.list /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 19828
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 09:58 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10215966 Aug 20 09:55 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 62 Aug 20 09:56 paichu.list
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc1.tar.gz |grep -E 'hosts|hostname|passwd|fstab|services'
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/denyhosts/lang_ext
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/hostname/lang_ext
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/updfstab/
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/updfstab/cil
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/updfstab/hll
etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/updfstab/lang_ext
etc/hosts.allow
etc/hosts.deny
etc/passwd-
etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.hostname1.conf
etc/security/opasswd
etc/pam.d/passwd
etc/firewalld/services/[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc2.tar.gz --exclude-from=paichu.list /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 29672
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 09:58 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 10:00 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10215966 Aug 20 09:55 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 62 Aug 20 09:56 paichu.listtar与find的结合
[root@qls ~]# find /var/log/ -name '*.log' | xargs tar log.tar.gz #错误的打包方式，不可取
[root@qls ~]# find /var/log/ -name '*.log' -exec tar czf log1.tar.gz {} \;find跟du结合
[root@qls ~]# find /etc -type d -maxdepth 1 | sed -r 's#(.*)# du -sh \1#g' |bash[root@qls ~]# ls -d /* |xargs du -sh练习题
1.列出linux常用打包工具并写相应的压缩、解压缩参数2.如何用gzip命令对文件进行压缩、解压缩，给出实践步骤。gzip filename #压缩gzip -d filename.gz #解压zcat filename.tar #查看压缩包内容3.如何用zip命令对文件以及目录进行压缩、解压缩，给出实践步骤。zip filename.zip filename #压缩zip -r dir.zip dir #压缩目录unzip filename.zip #解压-d #解压到指定的路径4.创建一个自己名字的文件至/opt目录，给出实践步骤。touch /opt/frank5.打包opt/整个目录，并命名为opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz，给出实践步骤。tar czf opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz /opt[root@qls ~]# tar czf opt_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).tar.gz /opt
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 40356
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 09:58 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 10:00 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10215966 Aug 20 09:55 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 353 Aug 20 10:05 log1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288985 Aug 20 10:07 log2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288985 Aug 20 10:03 log.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10352576 Aug 20 10:37 opt_2019_08_20.tar.gz6.查看打包好的opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz里的文件，给出实践步骤。tar tf opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz7.将打包好的opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz内容指定解压至/tmp目录，并给出实践步骤。tar xf opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz -C /tmp8.打包以当前主机名+ip的命名方式的压缩包: 比如: www.oldboyedu.com_2019-08-19_10.0.0.99.tar.gz ,压缩/opt目录即可主机名
时间
ip[root@qls ~]# tar czf opt_$(hostname)_$(date +%F)_$(ifconfig eth0 |awk 'NR==2{print $2}').tar.gz /opt
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 50468
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 09:58 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10079106 Aug 20 10:00 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10215966 Aug 20 09:55 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 353 Aug 20 10:05 log1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288985 Aug 20 10:07 log2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288985 Aug 20 10:03 log.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10352576 Aug 20 10:37 opt_2019_08_20.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10352576 Aug 20 10:41 opt_qls_2019-08-20_10.0.0.100.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 62 Aug 20 09:56 paichu.listdate
[root@qls ~]# date
Tue Aug 20 10:42:19 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2019-08-20
[root@qls ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d
2019-08-20
[root@qls ~]# date +%T
10:43:01
[root@qls ~]# date +%H:%M:%S
10:43:27
[root@qls ~]# date +%w
2
[root@qls ~]# date +%W
33
[root@qls ~]# date +%d
20
[root@qls ~]# date +%s
1566269040
[root@qls ~]# date +%y-%m-%d
19-08-20
[root@qls ~]# date -d '-1day'
Mon Aug 19 10:46:06 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date -d '-1day' +%F
2019-08-19
[root@qls ~]# date -d '+1day' +%F
2019-08-21
[root@qls ~]# date -d '+1year' +%F
2020-08-20
[root@qls ~]# date -d '-1year' +%F
2018-08-20
[root@qls ~]# date -s '2019/08/30'
Fri Aug 30 00:00:00 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2019-08-30
[root@qls ~]# date -s '10:48:00'
Fri Aug 30 10:48:00 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date +%T
10:48:04
[root@qls ~]# yum install -y ntpdate
[root@qls ~]# ntpdate ntp.aliyun.com
20 Aug 10:49:27 ntpdate[10174]: step time server 203.107.6.88 offset -863992.416377 sec
[root@qls ~]# date
Tue Aug 20 10:49:34 CST 2019rpm包
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
trang-20091111-14.el7.noarch.rpm 依赖性太强#挂载镜像
[root@qls ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt[root@qls ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7 ################################# [100%][root@qls ~]# yum install -y samba选项-e #卸载软件包-i #安装-v #显示安装的过程-h #查看安装的进度-qa #查看软件包是否安装-qi #显示软件包详细信息-qc #查询软件包的配置文件-qf #搜索命令属于哪个软件包，本地要有这个命令-U #升级[root@qls ~]# rpm -qf /usr/sbin/ifconfig
net-tools-2.0-0.24.20131004git.el7.x86_64[root@qls ~]# rpm -ivh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7 ################################# [100%]安装低版本
[root@qls ~]# rpm -ivh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/3.0/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-3.0.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/3.0/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-3.0.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.t6JBzJ: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 79ea5ed4: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...1:zabbix-agent-3.0.0-1.el7 ################################# [100%]升级
[root@qls ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/4.0/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/4.0/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.0nJhRu: Header V4 RSA/SHA512 Signature, key ID a14fe591: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...1:zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7 ################################# [ 50%]
Cleaning up / removing...2:zabbix-agent-3.0.0-1.el7 ################################# [100%]yum
-y #免交互#本地安装
[root@qls ~]# yum localinstall /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm install #安装
provides #查询命令属于哪个软件包
search #搜寻软件包
update #更新
check-update #检查系统可更新的包
repolist #查看yum源镜像仓库
list #查看可安装的包
list installed #查看系统中已经安装的包
clean #清空缓存all #清空所有packages #清空软件包
info #查看软件包的详细信息
history #yum命令的历史事物
remove #卸载软件
reinstall #遇到配置被删除，可以重新安装[root@qls ~]# head /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever #缓存生成路径
keepcache=1 #开启缓存源码编译：以nginx为例
预编译
make
make install#下载源码包
[root@qls ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz#解压
[root@qls ~]# tar xf nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz[root@qls ~]# cd nginx-1.16.1#安装依赖
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# yum install gcc-devel gcc pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel -y[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# ./configure --prefix=/app/nginx-1.16.1 --with-http_ssl_modulechecking for OS+ Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 x86_64
checking for C compiler ... not found./configure: error: C compiler cc is not found #报错解决：
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# yum install gcc-devel gcc -y报错
./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.解决
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# yum install -y pcre pcre-devel报错
./configure: error: SSL modules require the OpenSSL library.
You can either do not enable the modules, or install the OpenSSL library
into the system, or build the OpenSSL library statically from the source
with nginx by using --with-openssl=<path> option.解决
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# yum install openssl openssl-devel -y [root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# echo $?
0[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# make[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# echo $?
0[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# make install[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# echo $?
0[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# ll /app/nginx-1.16.1/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 20 12:36 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 40 Aug 20 12:36 html
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 20 12:36 logs
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 19 Aug 20 12:36 sbin
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# ln -s /app/nginx-1.16.1/ /app/nginx
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# ll /app/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 Aug 20 12:37 nginx -> /app/nginx-1.16.1/
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 54 Aug 20 12:36 nginx-1.16.1
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# /app/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# ss -lntp|grep 80
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* users:(("nginx",pid=12928,fd=6),("nginx",pid=12927,fd=6))[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# systemctl status firewalld
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemonLoaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-08-20 12:31:46 CST; 7min agoDocs: man:firewalld(1)Main PID: 6927 (firewalld)CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service└─6927 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopidAug 20 12:31:44 qls systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Aug 20 12:31:46 qls systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@qls nginx-1.16.1]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.磁盘管理
#使用fdisk进行分区，支持2TB下的分区，使用MBR分区表
1. 添加磁盘2.进行分区
[root@qls ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe23878a4.Command (m for help): m
Command actiona toggle a bootable flagb edit bsd disklabelc toggle the dos compatibility flagd delete a partitiong create a new empty GPT partition tableG create an IRIX (SGI) partition tablel list known partition typesm print this menun add a new partitiono create a new empty DOS partition tablep print the partition tableq quit without saving changess create a new empty Sun disklabelt change a partition's system idu change display/entry unitsv verify the partition tablew write table to disk and exitx extra functionality (experts only)Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe23878a4Device Boot Start End Blocks Id SystemCommand (m for help): n
Partition type:p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +5G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 5 GiB is setCommand (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe23878a4Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.3.格式化，创建文件系统
[root@qls ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=327680 blks= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=04.创建挂载点，并进行挂载
[root@qls ~]# mkdir /test_f
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /test_f
[root@qls ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 48G 1.8G 46G 4% /
devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 497M 120M 378M 25% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /test_f
[root@qls ~]# cp /etc/services /test_f/
[root@qls ~]# ll /test_f/
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 15:58 services[root@qls ~]# umount /dev/sdb1
[root@qls ~]# ll /test_f/
total 0
[root@qls ~]# mkdir /test_1
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /test_1
[root@qls ~]# ll /test_1
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 15:58 services5.永久挂载
[root@qls ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab
/dev/sdb1 /test_1 xfs defaults 0 0gdisk
GPT分区表，支持128分区#安装gdisk
[root@qls ~]# yum install gdisk -y[root@qls ~]# gdisk /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.10Partition table scan:MBR: not presentBSD: not presentAPM: not presentGPT: not presentCreating new GPT entries.Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menuCommand (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-6442450910, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-6442450910, default = 6442450910) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): L
0700 Microsoft basic data 0c01 Microsoft reserved 2700 Windows RE
3000 ONIE boot 3001 ONIE config 4100 PowerPC PReP boot
4200 Windows LDM data 4201 Windows LDM metadata 7501 IBM GPFS
7f00 ChromeOS kernel 7f01 ChromeOS root 7f02 ChromeOS reserved
8200 Linux swap 8300 Linux filesystem 8301 Linux reserved
8302 Linux /home 8400 Intel Rapid Start 8e00 Linux LVM
a500 FreeBSD disklabel a501 FreeBSD boot a502 FreeBSD swap
a503 FreeBSD UFS a504 FreeBSD ZFS a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID
a580 Midnight BSD data a581 Midnight BSD boot a582 Midnight BSD swap
a583 Midnight BSD UFS a584 Midnight BSD ZFS a585 Midnight BSD Vinum
a800 Apple UFS a901 NetBSD swap a902 NetBSD FFS
a903 NetBSD LFS a904 NetBSD concatenated a905 NetBSD encrypted
a906 NetBSD RAID ab00 Apple boot af00 Apple HFS/HFS+
af01 Apple RAID af02 Apple RAID offline af03 Apple label
af04 AppleTV recovery af05 Apple Core Storage be00 Solaris boot
bf00 Solaris root bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z bf02 Solaris swap
bf03 Solaris backup bf04 Solaris /var bf05 Solaris /home
bf06 Solaris alternate se bf07 Solaris Reserved 1 bf08 Solaris Reserved 2
bf09 Solaris Reserved 3 bf0a Solaris Reserved 4 bf0b Solaris Reserved 5
c001 HP-UX data c002 HP-UX service ea00 Freedesktop $BOOT
eb00 Haiku BFS ed00 Sony system partitio ed01 Lenovo system partit
Press the <Enter> key to see more codes:
ef00 EFI System ef01 MBR partition scheme ef02 BIOS boot partition
fb00 VMWare VMFS fb01 VMWare reserved fc00 VMWare kcore crash p
fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 6442450944 sectors, 3.0 TiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): E2A6B39D-0ACA-4E24-AFEE-10AC07DFB9C9
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 6442450910
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name1 2048 6442450910 3.0 TiB 8300 Linux filesystemCommand (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 6442450944 sectors, 3.0 TiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): E2A6B39D-0ACA-4E24-AFEE-10AC07DFB9C9
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 6442450910
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name1 2048 6442450910 3.0 TiB 8300 Linux filesystemCommand (? for help): wFinal checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@qls ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 8:3 0 47.5G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 5G 0 part /test_1
sdc 8:32 0 3T 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 3T 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 4.3G 0 rom
[root@qls ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc1
meta-data=/dev/sdc1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=201326527 blks= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=805306107, imaxpct=5= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=393215, version=2= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0[root@qls ~]# mkdir /gpt
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /gpt
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# cp /etc/services /gpt
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# ll /gpt
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 16:42 services
[root@qls ~]# umount /gpt
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# ll /gpt
total 0
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 0
[root@qls ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /opt/
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 16:42 services
[root@qls ~]# umount /opt/
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# cp /etc/hosts /opt
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 158 Aug 20 16:43 hosts
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /opt/
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 656
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 670293 Aug 20 16:42 services
[root@qls ~]# umount /opt
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 158 Aug 20 16:43 hosts磁盘的挂载方式
mount #挂载磁盘
选项-o #指定挂载的参数-a #重新挂载/etc/fstab中的挂载列表-t #指定挂载文件系统，xfs 是7系统默认的， ext4 6系统默认[root@qls ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2018-11-25-23-54-16-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sda1: UUID="ffc53ebe-1964-4fe9-b761-01b1e0a0e2af" TYPE="xfs" ev/sda2: UUID="e2ed12e8-15c2-4061-806e-a02f7847c0d0" TYPE="swap"
▽dev/sda3: UUID="400a5819-809d-43b4-a323-30f4c3ac7bf0" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="905bb897-c545-4ee6-b8e9-53436eadaf18" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sdc1: UUID="9d441e76-17a1-48f9-a49b-28e3e9ea8d20" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="0bd340a4-52c0-46a0-9cb7-75e771d9be1b"
[root@qls ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 48G 1.9G 46G 4% /
devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 9.7M 981M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /test_1
/dev/sda1 497M 120M 378M 25% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
[root@qls ~]# mount UUID="9d441e76-17a1-48f9-a49b-28e3e9ea8d20" /gptumount #卸载磁盘
选项-l #强制卸载出现卸载不掉的情况下1. 使用强制卸载2. 切换到其他目录进行卸载/etc/fstab配置文件
[root@qls ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab
UUID=9d441eb-28e3e9ea8d20 /gpt xfs defaults 0 0第一列：挂载的设备名，可以使用UUID，还可以网络地址第二列：挂载点，挂载的入口第三列：文件系统的类型第四列：挂载的参数。defaults | 参数 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| async/sync | 是否同步方式运行，默认async（异步）。 |
| user/nouser | 是否允许普通用户使用mount命令挂载，默认nouser。 |
| exec/noexec | 是否允许可执行文件执行，默认exec。 |
| suid/nosuid | 是否允许存在suid属性的文件，默认suid。 |
| auto/noauto | 执行mount -a时，此文件系统是否被主动挂载，默认auto。 |
| rw/ro | 是否只读或者读写模式进行挂载。默认rw。 |
| defaults | 具有rw，suid，exec，auto，nouser，async等默认参数的设定。 |
第五列：是否通过dump进行备份，0 不备份 ，1 每天备份 2 不定期的备份第六列：是否检查磁盘，0 不检查 ，1 检查，按照顺序检查，1只能给/swap
oom 临时添加虚拟内存#1. 生成一个1G的大文件
[root@qls ~]# dd </dev/zero >/root/swap.txt bs=100M count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 29.8756 s, 35.1 MB/s#修改权限
[root@qls ~]# chmod 600 swap.txt #2.让这个成为swap文件
[root@qls ~]# mkswap -f swap.txt
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=d849c5bf-b582-46f6-816e-301ab190bb3a
[root@qls ~]# file swap.txt
swap.txt: Linux/i386 swap file (new style), version 1 (4K pages), size 255999 pages, no label, UUID=d849c5bf-b582-46f6-816e-301ab190bb3a
[root@qls ~]# free -mtotal used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1980 106 561 9 1313 1677
Swap: 2047 0 2047#3.添加swap大小
[root@qls ~]# swapon swap.txt
swapon: /root/swap.txt: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@qls ~]# free -mtotal used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1980 106 560 9 1313 1676
Swap: 3047 0 3047[root@qls ~]# swapoff swap.txt #缩减swap空间
[root@qls ~]# free -mtotal used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1980 106 560 9 1313 1677
Swap: 2047 0 2047[root@qls ~]# swapon -s #检查当前swap使用那些分区
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 2097148 0 -2
/root/swap.txt file 1023996 0 -3#禁用swap[root@qls ~]# swapoff -a
[root@qls ~]# free -mtotal used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1980 106 562 9 1312 1677
Swap: 0 0 0#开启swap
[root@qls ~]# swapon -a
[root@qls ~]# free -mtotal used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1980 106 562 9 1312 1677
Swap: 2047 0 2047磁盘故障
block 慢
[root@qls ~]# cp Desktop.zip /data/
cp: error writing ‘/data/Desktop.zip’: No space left on device
cp: failed to extend ‘/data/Desktop.zip’: No space left on device[root@qls ~]# du -sh /* |grep G
du: cannot access ‘/proc/7780/task/7780/fd/4’: No such file or directory
du: cannot access ‘/proc/7780/task/7780/fdinfo/4’: No such file or directory
du: cannot access ‘/proc/7780/fd/4’: No such file or directory
du: cannot access ‘/proc/7780/fdinfo/4’: No such file or directory
1.1G /root
1.5G /usr
5.1G /var
[root@qls ~]# du -sh /var/* |grep G
4.9G /var/log
[root@qls ~]# du -sh /var/log/* |grep G
4.9G /var/log/test.log#确认之后再删除[root@qls ~]# rm -f /var/log/test.logindex慢了[root@qls ~]# df -i
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 24909312 263092 24646220 2% /
devtmpfs 250786 403 250383 1% /dev
tmpfs 253511 1 253510 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 253511 766 252745 1% /run
tmpfs 253511 16 253495 1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2621440 4 2621436 1% /test_1
/dev/sda1 256000 326 255674 1% /boot
tmpfs 253511 1 253510 1% /run/user/0[root@qls ~]# find / -type d -size +3M |xargs ls -lhd
drwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 4.7M Aug 20 17:34 /root/nginx-1.16.1/conf#确认好在删除
[root@qls ~]# find /root/nginx-1.16.1/conf -type f -name '*txt' |xargs rm -f
[root@qls ~]# find /root/nginx-1.16.1/conf -type f -name '*sh' |xargs rm -f
[root@qls ~]# find /root/nginx-1.16.1/conf -type f -name '*py' |xargs rm -f
[root@qls ~]# find /root/nginx-1.16.1/conf -type f -name '*log' |xargs rm -f
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# ll /root/nginx-1.16.1/conf |wc -l
10开机启动流程
#简单说明CentOS-7系统启动过程：
01） 按下电源
02） 开机BIOS自检
03） MBR引导系统
04） GRUB菜单
05） 加载内核
06） 启动系统进程(使用systemd进行管理)
07） 读取运行级别
08） 进行系统初始化
09） 启动开机自动启动服务（并行启动）
10） 运行getty文件，进入登录页面运行级别
[root@qls ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel*.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Aug 14 15:11 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target| System 运行级别 | Systemd目标名称 | 作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | runlevel0.target，poweroff.target | 关机 |
| 1 | runlevel1.target，rescue.target | 单用户模式 |
| 2 | runlevel2.target，multi.target | 多用户模式 |
| 3 | runlevel3.target，multi.target | 多用户模式 |
| 4 | runlevel4.target，multi.target | 多用户模式 |
| 5 | runlevel5.target，graphical.target | 图形界面或桌面模式 |
| 6 | runlevel6.target，reboot.target | 重启 |
[root@qls ~]# systemctl get-default #查看运行级别
multi-user.target
[root@qls ~]# runlevel
N 3
[root@qls ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target #切换运行级别[root@qls ~]# init 5主配置文件ll /etc/systemd/system/default.targetsystemd
#systemctl管理服务的启动、停止、重启、重载、状态等常用命令
[root@qls ~]# systemctl start vsftpd #启动
[root@qls ~]# systemctl stop vsftpd #停止
[root@qls ~]# systemctl status vsftpd #查看运行状态
[root@qls ~]# systemctl restart vsftpd #重启
[root@qls ~]# systemctl reload vsftpd #重载
[root@qls ~]# systemctl mask vsftpd #禁止服务运行
[root@qls ~]# systemctl unmask vsftpd #取消禁止服务运行[root@qls ~]# systemctl enable vsftpd #开机自启[root@qls ~]# systemctl disable vsftpd #关闭开机自启单用户修改root密码
1、重新启动或开启CentOS-7系统，在选择进入系统的Grub菜单界面有提示按e时，按e进入编辑界面
2、找到Linux16这行，将磁盘改为rw读写模式，然后再在后面添加如下:
init=/bin/bash enforcing=0 #（前者作用让系统登录后加载bash解释器，后者是且关闭Selinux）
3、ctrl+x以单用户模式启动
4、在命令行执行：mount -o rw,remount / # 重新挂载根目录，如果前面改了rw，这里可以不执行passwd root # 设置root用户密码
5、执行 exec /sbin/init 命令重启系统
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