北邮国院大二电商在读，随课程进行整理知识点。仅整理PPT中相对重要的知识点，个人认为相对不重要的细小的知识点不列在其中。如有错误请指出。转载请注明出处

Topic 8 – Detail Design Using Prototypes

本topic主要讲述的是phase3

Phase 3 – Detail Design

Phase 3 includes the complete specification of the geometry (i.e. physical dimensions) materials, and tolerances of all the unique parts in the product, and the identification of all of the standard parts to be purchased from suppliers

第三阶段包括几何形状(即物理尺寸)材料的完整规范，产品中所有独特部件的公差，以及从供应商处购买的所有标准部件的标识

Two critical issues addressed in the detail design phase are production cost and robust design (or performance)

在详细设计阶段处理的两个关键问题是生产成本和健壮的设计(或性能)

Control Documentation

The output of Phase 3 is the control documentation for the product

第三阶段的输出是产品的控制文档

The control documentation is: 控制文件为:

The drawings or computer files describing the geometry of each part to be made and its production tooling

描述被制造零件及其生产工具几何形状的图纸或计算机文件

The process descriptions for the fabrication and assembly of the product

产品制造和装配的过程描述

The specifications of the parts to be purchased

待采购部件的规格

Departmental Responsibilities

部门职责

Departmental responsibilities in this phase are

本阶段的部门职责是

Marketing 营销

Develop marketing plan 制定营销计划

Design 设计

Define part geometry 几何定义部分

Choose materials 选择材料

Assign tolerances 分配公差

Complete industrial design control documentation 完整的工业设计控制文件

Manufacturing 制造

Define piece-part production processes 定义零配件生产流程

Design tooling 工具设计

Define quality assurance processes 定义质量保证过程

Soft and Hard Models

软模型和硬模型

Soft Models – requirements

软模型-需求

Rough modelling 粗糙的造型

Use to assess the overall size, proportion, and shape of many proposed concepts / ideas

用于评估许多提出的概念/想法的总体大小、比例和形状

Fast evaluation of basic sizes and proportions

快速评估基本尺寸和比例

Reshaped and refined by hand to explore and improve its quality

手工重塑和提炼，探索和提高其品质

Hard Models

硬模型

Technically non-functional yet a replicas or copies of the final design

技术上不实用，但仍是最终设计的复制品

Sometimes made from wood, dense foam, plastic, or painted

有时由木头、高密度泡沫塑料或油漆制成

Have some “working” features such as button that push or sliders that move

有一些“工作”的功能，如按钮推动或滑动移动

Control Models and CAD Models

控制模型和CAD模型

Control Model – requirements

控制模型-要求

Model that is constructed and matched from CAD data

从CAD数据构造和匹配的模型

Complete model and fully detailed composition of the product

完整的模型和充分详细的产品组成

Component of this model will be simplified or neglected due to cost or time shortages

由于成本或时间短缺，该模型的组件将被简化或忽略

What is a Prototype?

A prototype is “an approximation of the product along one or more dimensions of interest”

原型是“产品沿着感兴趣的一个或多个维度的近似”。

i.e.

Industrial designers produce prototypes of their concepts, such as models

工业设计师制作他们概念的原型，比如模型

Engineers prototype a design

工程师设计原型

Software developers write prototype programs

软件开发人员编写原型程序

Prototyping is the process of developing such an approximation of the product

原型是开发这种近似产品的过程

3 Phases of Prototyping

There are 3 phases of prototyping

1. Alpha prototypes α原型

Are typically used to assess whether the product works as intended

通常用于评估产品是否按预期工作

2. Beta prototypes β原型

Are typically used to assess reliability and to identify remaining bugs in the product

通常是用来评估产品的可靠性和识别产品中剩余的bug吗

3. Pre-production prototypes 前期制作原型

Are the first products produced by the entire production process

第一批产品是由整个生产过程生产出来的吗

Alpha Prototypes

Early (alpha) prototypes are usually built with production-intent parts

早期(alpha)原型通常是用生产意图的部分构建的

These are parts with the same geometry and material properties as intended for the production version of the product

这些部件具有与产品的生产版本相同的几何形状和材料属性

They will look similar to and perform the basic functions of the product

它们看起来和产品的基本功能很相似

They are not necessarily fabricated with the actual processes to be used in production

它们不一定是按照生产中使用的实际工艺制作的

Alpha prototypes are tested to determine whether the product will work as designed and whether the product satisfies the key customer needs

测试Alpha原型，以确定产品是否将按设计工作，以及产品是否满足关键客户需求

Beta Prototypes

Later (beta) prototypes are usually built with parts supplied by the intended production processes,but may not be assembled using the intended final assembly process

后期(测试版)的原型通常使用预期生产过程提供的部件来建造，但可能不会使用预期的最终装配过程来组装

Beta prototypes are extensively evaluated internally and are also typically tested by customers in their own use environment

Beta原型在内部被广泛评估，通常也由客户在他们自己的使用环境中进行测试

The goal for the beta prototypes is usually to answer questions about performance and reliability in order to identify necessary engineering changes for the final product

测试原型的目标通常是回答有关性能和可靠性的问题，以确定最终产品的必要工程更改

Uses of Prototypes

原型的用途

There are four main uses of prototypes:

1. Learning

学习/了解

Answering questions about performance or feasibility

回答有关性能或可行性的问题

2. Communication

交流

Demonstration of a product to get feedback from all stakeholders

演示产品以获得所有涉众的反馈

A physical, tactile, 3D representation of a product is much easier to understand than a verbal description or even a sketch of a product

产品的物理、触觉、3D表现比口头描述甚至草图更容易理解

3. Integration

整合

Prototypes are used to ensure that components and subsystems of the product work together as expected

原型用于确保产品的组件和子系统按预期协同工作

Comprehensive physical prototypes are the most effective as integration tools in product development projects because they require the assembly and physical interconnection of all of the parts and subassemblies that make up a product

在产品开发项目中，全面的物理原型是最有效的集成工具，因为它们需要组成产品的所有部件和子组件的组装和物理连接

The integration of the prototype forces coordination between different members of the product development team

原型的集成迫使产品开发团队不同成员之间的协调

For example: alpha or beta test models

例如:alpha或beta测试模型

4. Milestones

里程碑

Provide goals for the development team’s schedule

为开发团队的时间表提供目标

Milestone prototypes are defined in the product development project plan

里程碑原型在产品开发项目计划中定义

The number of such prototypes and their timing is one of the key elements of the overall development plan

这种原型的数量和它们的时间是整个发展计划的关键要素之一

As a base case, the development team should consider using alpha, beta and pre-production prototypes as milestones

作为基础案例，开发团队应该考虑使用alpha, beta和预制作原型作为里程碑

Principles of Prototyping

Prototypes can be classified along two dimensions

原型可以按照两个维度进行分类

Physical v analytical

Physical – e.g. a wooden model 实物——例如木制模型

Analytical – e.g. a computer model 分析型-例如计算机模型

Comprehensive v focussed

Comprehensive - most of the attributes of the real product

综合——真实产品的大部分属性

Focused – one or a few attributes of the real product

聚焦——真实产品的一个或几个属性

Physical Prototype

Physical prototypes are tangible artefacts created to approximate the product

实体原型是为接近产品而创造的有形的人工制品

Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artefact for testing and experimentation

开发团队感兴趣的产品的各个方面实际上被构建到用于测试和实验的工件中

Examples of physical prototypes include 物理原型的例子包括

models which look and feel like the product

外观和感觉都像产品的模型

proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly

用于快速测试一个想法的概念证明原型

experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product

用于验证产品功能的实验硬件

Analytical Prototype

Analytical prototypes represent the product in a non-tangible, usually mathematical, manner

分析原型以一种无形的，通常是数学的方式来表示产品

Interesting aspects of the product are analysed, rather than built

对产品有趣的方面进行分析，而不是构建

Examples of analytical prototypes include 分析原型的例子包括

computer simulations 计算机模拟

systems of equations encoded within a spreadsheet 在电子表格中编码的方程组

computer models of three-dimensional geometry 三维几何的计算机模型

Comprehensive Prototype

Comprehensive prototypes implement most, if not all, of the attributes of a product

全面的原型实现了产品的大部分(如果不是全部的话)属性

A comprehensive prototype corresponds closely to the everyday use of the work prototype – i.e. it is a full-scale, fully operational version of the product

综合原型与日常使用的工作原型密切相关，即它是产品的全尺寸、完全可操作的版本

An example of a comprehensive prototype is one given to customers in order to identify any remaining design flaws before committing to production

综合原型的一个例子是，在投入生产之前，为了找出任何剩余的设计缺陷而将原型交给客户

Focused Prototype

Focused prototypes implement one, or a few, of the attributes of a product

聚焦原型实现产品的一个或几个属性

Examples of focused prototypes include foam models to explore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuit boards to investigate the electronic performance of product design

重点原型的例子包括探索产品形式的泡沫模型和研究产品设计的电子性能的线路板

A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overall performance of a product.One of these prototypes is often a “looks-like” prototype, the other a “works-like” prototype

一种常见的实践是将两个或更多的聚焦原型放在一起来研究产品的整体性能。其中一个原型通常是“看起来类似”的原型，另一个是“工作类似”的原型

By building two separate focused prototypes, the team may be able to answer its questions much earlier than if it had to create one comprehensive prototype

通过构建两个独立的焦点原型，团队可以比创建一个完整的原型更早地回答问题

Physical vs. Analytical Prototypes

Physical prototypes	Analytical prototypes
Tangible approximation of the product 产品的有形近似	Mathematical model of the product 产品的数学模型
May exhibit unmodelled behaviour 可能会表现出未被模仿的行为	Can only exhibit behaviour arising from explicitly modelled phenomena (However, behaviour cannot always be predicted) 只能显示由明确建模的现象引起的行为(然而，行为并不总是可以预测的)
Some behaviour may be a consequence of the approximation 有些行为可能是近似的结果	Some behaviour may be a consequence of the analytical method 有些行为可能是分析方法的结果
Often best for communication 通常是沟通的最佳方式	Often allow more experimental freedom than physical models 通常比物理模型允许更多的实验自由

Physical prototypes

Analytical prototypes

Tangible approximation of the product

产品的有形近似

Mathematical model of the product

产品的数学模型

May exhibit unmodelled behaviour

可能会表现出未被模仿的行为

Can only exhibit behaviour arising from explicitly modelled phenomena (However, behaviour cannot always be predicted)

只能显示由明确建模的现象引起的行为(然而，行为并不总是可以预测的)

Some behaviour may be a consequence of the approximation

有些行为可能是近似的结果

Some behaviour may be a consequence of the analytical method

有些行为可能是分析方法的结果

Often best for communication

通常是沟通的最佳方式

Often allow more experimental freedom than physical models

通常比物理模型允许更多的实验自由

Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes

Focused prototypes	Comprehensive prototypes
Implement one or a few attributes of the product 实现产品的一个或几个属性	Implement many or all attributes of the product 实现产品的许多或所有属性
Answer specific questions about the product design 回答有关产品设计的具体问题	Offer opportunities for rigorous testing 提供严格测试的机会
Generally several are required 通常需要几个	Often best for milestones and integration 通常最适合里程碑和聚合

Focused prototypes

Comprehensive prototypes

Implement one or a few attributes of the product

实现产品的一个或几个属性

Implement many or all attributes of the product

实现产品的许多或所有属性

Answer specific questions about the product design

回答有关产品设计的具体问题

Offer opportunities for rigorous testing

提供严格测试的机会

Generally several are required

通常需要几个

Often best for milestones and integration

通常最适合里程碑和聚合

Prototyping Technologies

There are many technologies for prototyping

有许多用于原型设计的技术

Some are very old – e.g. clay models 有些是非常古老的，例如泥塑模型

Two newer ones are

1. 3D CAD modelling and analysis 三维CAD建模和分析

Allow easy, rapid changes 允许简单、快速的改变

Can calculate dimensions accurately 能准确计算尺寸

Can feed into manufacturing tools 能供给制造工具（为制造做准备）

2. Free form fabrication 自由形态制造

also known a 3D printing 也被称为3D打印

allows very rapid production of physical prototypes 允许非常快速的生产物理原型

Planning a Prototype - the 4 steps

Step 1 – Define the purpose of the prototype

步骤1 -定义原型的目的

Step 2 – Establish the level of approximation of the prototype

步骤2 -建立原型的近似级别

Step 3 – Outline an experimental plan

步骤3 -概述一个实验计划

Step 4 – Create a schedule for procurement, construction and testing

步骤4 -为采购、建造和测试创建一个时间表

Step 1 - define the purpose of the prototype

The team lists its specific learning and communication needs

团队列出了具体的学习和沟通需求

Team members also list any integration needs and decide whether or not the prototype is intended to be one of the major milestones of the overall product development project

团队成员还列出任何集成需求，并决定原型是否要成为整个产品开发项目的主要里程碑之一

Step 2 – Establish the level of approximation of the prototype

The degree to which the final product will be approximated in the prototype must be defined

最终产品在原型中的近似程度必须定义

The team should consider whether a physical prototype is necessary or whether an analytical prototype would best meet its needs

小组应考虑是否需要一个物理原型，或者分析原型是否最能满足其需要

In most cases the best prototype is the simplest one that will serve the purposes established in Step 1

在大多数情况下，最好的原型是能够满足步骤1中所建立的目的的最简单的原型

Step 3 – Outline an Experimental Plan

The use of a prototype in product development can be thought of as an experiment.

在产品开发中使用原型可以被认为是一种实验

Good experimental practice helps to make sure that you get the maximum value from the prototyping activity i.e. that you get useful test results

良好的实验实践有助于确保您从原型活动中获得最大的价值，即您获得有用的测试结果

The experimental plan includes: 实验方案包括:

1. the identification of the variables of the experiment 实验变量的辨识

2. the test protocol 测试协议

3. an indication of what measurements will be performed 将要执行的测量的指示

4. a plan for analysing the resulting data 分析结果数据的计划

When many variables have to be explored, good experimental design makes this process much easier and more effective

当需要探索许多变量时，良好的实验设计将使这一过程变得更加容易和有效

Step 4 – Create a schedule for procurement, construction and testing

Three dates are particularly important in defining a prototyping effort

在定义原型工作时，三个日期尤为重要

1. The team defines when the parts will be ready to assemble

团队确定了零件何时可以组装

2. The team defines the date when the prototype will first be tested

团队确定了原型首次测试的日期

3. The team defines the date when it expects to have completed testing and produced the final results

团队定义了预期完成测试并产生最终结果的日期

Prototyping Strategy

原型策略

Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty 使用原型来减少不确定性

Make models with a defined purpose 制作有明确目的的模型

Consider multiple forms of prototypes 考虑多种形式的原型

Choose the timing of prototype cycles 选择原型周期的时间

Many early models are used to validate concepts 许多早期模型用于验证概念

Relatively few comprehensive models are necessary to test integration

测试集成所需的综合模型相对较少

Plan time to learn from prototype cycles

计划时间，从原型周期中学习

Avoid the “hardware swamp” - where you keep building different ways out of a problem without stopping to think

避免“硬件沼泽”——在这种情况下，您不停下来思考就不断构建解决问题的不同方法

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【北邮国院大二下】产品开发与营销知识点整理 Topic8

Phase 3 – Detail Design

Control Documentation

Departmental Responsibilities

Soft and Hard Models

Soft Models – requirements

Hard Models

Control Models and CAD Models

Control Model – requirements

What is a Prototype?

3 Phases of Prototyping

Alpha Prototypes

Beta Prototypes

Uses of Prototypes

1. Learning

2. Communication

3. Integration

4. Milestones

Principles of Prototyping

Physical Prototype

Analytical Prototype

Comprehensive Prototype

Focused Prototype

Physical vs. Analytical Prototypes

Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes

Prototyping Technologies

Planning a Prototype - the 4 steps

Step 1 - define the purpose of the prototype

Step 2 – Establish the level of approximation of the prototype

Step 3 – Outline an Experimental Plan

Step 4 – Create a schedule for procurement, construction and testing

Prototyping Strategy

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