攀爬系统概述

运用场景

在许多动作类游戏中，攀爬系统作为动作系统的一部分为游戏提供了更多的玩法。如“跑酷系统”、“躲避系统”、“轻功系统”。攀爬为以往操作在 “XY” 平面的动作游戏拓展了 “Z” 轴。让游戏的高楼大厦不再是背景板，而是游玩的空间。

类型游戏

刺客信条系列
看门狗系列
天涯明月刀（武侠类游戏轻功）
古墓丽影系列
蜘蛛侠
波斯王子
虐杀原形
塞尔达传说荒野之息
…

攀爬系统的实现

实现灵感

在游玩 《古剑奇谭3》 的 “古厝回廊” 关卡时，由于跳跃没有吸附的功能，使得在越过障碍时很容易掉入深坑。使得该关卡的游玩体验与流畅度大打折扣。自己太菜的缘故。
而这类关卡在游玩 刺客信条、虐杀原形 等游戏时并没有这方面的困惑。像是刺客信条中的古墓探索等“纯跑酷”、“机关解密”关卡其花费的时间更多的时在解密与 场景变换 上，对于失误操作也有“ 边缘吸附 ”、“ 地图返回 ”等措施的补救。
经过以上的思想碰撞，我产生了一个问题 “攀爬系统是如何实现的呢？” 经过一段时间的学习与资料查找，我实现了攀爬系统。下面请让我来分享自己实现的思路与步骤。

引擎

虚幻4
4.25

操作

C++混蓝图

成果

攀爬动画资源

虚幻商城的：Climbing Animation Set
bilibili知名UP主"驴肉墨鱼汤UNOFFICIAL"的搬运视频：50分钟创建攀爬系统

实现思路

使用ue4第三人称模板。
角色在腾空时通过碰撞检测判断是否可攀爬。
可以攀爬时吸附到碰撞点，角色移动模式设置为 “Fly”。
判断上下左右四个方向是否可达，若可达根据输入向相应的方向进行移动。
转角、边缘处通过Montage动画进行特殊处理。
跳跃系统通过碰撞检测与Montage实现。
蹬墙跳、脱离，改变朝向停止吸附，改变移动模式“Falling”。

动画蓝图及Montage

动画蓝图

状态机新增一个 “Hanging” 状态

在状态机中使用一个 “Blend Space” 进行动画混合。将向上爬，向下爬，向左爬，向右爬，静止动画通过 Vertical 、 Horizontal 混合在一起，之后可以通过角色进行控制。

动画蓝图每帧获取角色状态，并通过状态调用相应的事件。

当角色状态改变时调用相应的事件，播放相应的动画。
当Montage播放完毕时，使用AnimNotify进行定位。在动画蓝图中实现该事件，调用角色中的处理函数。

Montage

相较于状态机，该动画资源主要用于使用较灵活，触发事件较短的动画。

使用DefaultGroup.DefaultSlot，添加 “AnimNotify” 标签用于状态检测与触发。

DefaultGroup.DefaultSlot决定Default Slot插槽。

Character和碰撞检测

碰撞检测

创建一个SceneComponent的子类
用于实时的状态检测

TraceSceneComponent.h
#include "CoreMinimal.h"
#include "Components/SceneComponent.h"
#include "TraceSceneComponent.generated.h"class UArrowComponent;
class AClimbAnimCharacter;
UCLASS( ClassGroup=(Custom), meta=(BlueprintSpawnableComponent) )
class CLIMBANIM_API UTraceSceneComponent : public USceneComponent
{GENERATED_BODY()public:    // Sets default values for this component's propertiesUTraceSceneComponent();protected:// Called when the game startsvirtual void BeginPlay() override;public: // Called every framevirtual void TickComponent(float DeltaTime, ELevelTick TickType, FActorComponentTickFunction* ThisTickFunction) override;public:UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere,BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Poisition")UArrowComponent* ArrowForward;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Poisition")UArrowComponent* ArrowBack;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Climbing")UArrowComponent* ArrowClimbingUp;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Climbing")UArrowComponent* ArrowClimbingDown;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Climbing")UArrowComponent* ArrowClimbingRight;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Climbing")UArrowComponent* ArrowClimbingLeft;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Jumping")UArrowComponent* ArrowJumpUp;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Jumping")UArrowComponent* ArrowJumpRight;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Jumping")UArrowComponent* ArrowJumpLeft;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "ArrowParamater")float ArrowLength;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "ArrowParamater")float ArrowJumpLength;bool IsHanging;float num;FVector hitLocation;FVector hitNormal;
public:UFUNCTION()bool HitResult(FVector beginLocation, FVector endLocation, FHitResult& hitResult);//对线性碰撞检测的封装UFUNCTION()bool IsInAir();//判断是否在空中UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)FORCEINLINE bool GetIsHanging() { return IsHanging; }class AClimbAnimCharacter* GetOwnerActor();UFUNCTION()void ForwardTrace();void UpTrace();void DownTrace();void LeftTrace();void RightTrace();void JumpUpTrace();void JumpRightTrace();void JumpLeftTrace();void ClimbDownTrace();void BuildArrow();
//箭头的初始化virtual void BeginDestroy()override;
//析构函数用于调试
};

TraceSceneComponent.cpp
// Called every frame
void UTraceSceneComponent::TickComponent(float DeltaTime, ELevelTick TickType, FActorComponentTickFunction* ThisTickFunction)
{Super::TickComponent(DeltaTime, TickType, ThisTickFunction);// ...//GEngine->AddOnScreenDebugMessage(2, 0.1f, FColor::Black, FString::SanitizeFloat(DeltaTime)+FString(TEXT("  "))+FString::SanitizeFloat(num));IsInAir();if (GetOwnerActor()->State == STATE::STATE_ONFLOOR)ClimbDownTrace();if(GetOwnerActor()->State!=STATE::STATE_ONFLOOR)ForwardTrace();if (GetOwnerActor()->State==STATE::STATE_ONHANGING) {UpTrace();DownTrace();LeftTrace();RightTrace();JumpUpTrace();JumpRightTrace();JumpLeftTrace();}
}
//封装线性碰撞，EDrawDebugTrace::Type::ForOneFrame用于调试，会绘制碰撞线
bool UTraceSceneComponent::HitResult(FVector beginLocation, FVector endLocation, FHitResult& hitResult)
{TArray<AActor*>ignoreActors;AClimbAnimCharacter* actor = GetOwnerActor();ignoreActors.Add(actor);return UKismetSystemLibrary::LineTraceSingle(GetWorld(), beginLocation, endLocation,UEngineTypes::ConvertToTraceType(ECC_GameTraceChannel1), false, ignoreActors, EDrawDebugTrace::Type::ForOneFrame, hitResult, true);
}
//获取Character
AClimbAnimCharacter* UTraceSceneComponent::GetOwnerActor()
{return Cast<AClimbAnimCharacter>(GetOwner());
}//向前检测，之后的上下左右检测大同小异，故不再张贴
void UTraceSceneComponent::ForwardTrace()
{FVector location = ArrowForward->GetComponentLocation();FVector forwardVector = GetOwnerActor()->GetActorForwardVector();forwardVector *= ArrowLength;FHitResult hitResult;if (HitResult(location, location + forwardVector, hitResult)) {IsHanging = true;GetOwnerActor()->IsHanging = true;if (GetOwnerActor()->State==STATE::STATE_ONAIR) {GetOwnerActor()->ClimbToWall();}}else {IsHanging = false;GetOwnerActor()->IsHanging = false;}
}//向下检测，用于边缘检测，当在行走时前方出现断层，可转移到攀爬状态
void UTraceSceneComponent::ClimbDownTrace()
{FVector location = ArrowClimbingDown->GetComponentLocation();FVector forwardVector = GetOwnerActor()->GetActorForwardVector();FVector beginLocation = location + forwardVector * ArrowJumpLength;FRotator normal = UKismetMathLibrary::Conv_VectorToRotator(forwardVector);FVector upVector = UKismetMathLibrary::GetUpVector(normal);FVector endLocation = beginLocation - upVector* ArrowJumpLength;FHitResult hitRsultDown;if (HitResult(beginLocation, endLocation, hitRsultDown)== false){FVector backVector=UKismetMathLibrary::RotateAngleAxis(forwardVector, 180.0f, upVector);FVector endBackVector = endLocation + backVector * ArrowJumpLength;FHitResult hitResultBack;if (HitResult(endLocation, endBackVector, hitResultBack)) {GetOwnerActor()->CanClimbDown = true;}else {GetOwnerActor()->CanClimbDown = false;}}else {GetOwnerActor()->CanClimbDown = false;}
}

上图为碰撞检测的示意图，边缘检测稍微麻烦一点，及要判断角色前方向下没有碰撞，而返回的部分有碰撞。

Character

ClimbAnimCharacter.h
// Copyright Epic Games, Inc. All Rights Reserved.#pragma once#include "CoreMinimal.h"
#include "GameFramework/Character.h"
#include "ClimbAnimCharacter.generated.h"UENUM(BlueprintType)
enum class STATE : uint8 {STATE_ONFLOOR,STATE_ONAIR,STATE_ONHANGING
};UCLASS(config=Game)
class AClimbAnimCharacter : public ACharacter
{GENERATED_BODY()/** Camera boom positioning the camera behind the character */UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = Camera, meta = (AllowPrivateAccess = "true"))class USpringArmComponent* CameraBoom;/** Follow camera */UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = Camera, meta = (AllowPrivateAccess = "true"))class UCameraComponent* FollowCamera;
public:AClimbAnimCharacter();UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Trace")class UTraceSceneComponent* Trace;/** Base turn rate, in deg/sec. Other scaling may affect final turn rate. */UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category=Camera)float BaseTurnRate;/** Base look up/down rate, in deg/sec. Other scaling may affect final rate. */UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category=Camera)float BaseLookUpRate;//留给SceneComponent的接口UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool IsHanging;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanMoveUp;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanMoveRight;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanMoveLeft;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanMoveDown;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanJumpingUp;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanJumpingRight;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanJumpingLeft;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")bool CanClimbDown;UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")float MoveVertical;UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "State")float MoveHorizontal;//用于动画蓝图的检测，判断是否播放，例如：IsJumpingRight 是否需要跳跃 CanJumpRight 能否跳跃UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsJumpingRight;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsClimbingUp;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsJumpingLeft;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsJumpingUp;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsTurnLeft;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsTurnRight;UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "State")bool IsClimbingDown;//吸附点UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "Poision")FVector hitLocation;//吸附点的法线UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Poision")FVector hitNormal;//距墙面的距离UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Paramater")float OffDistance;//攀爬的速度UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Paramater")float ClimbSpeed;//角色的状态STATE State;protected:/** Resets HMD orientation in VR. */void OnResetVR();/** Called for forwards/backward input */void MoveForward(float Value);/** Called for side to side input */void MoveRight(float Value);/** * Called via input to turn at a given rate. * @param Rate This is a normalized rate, i.e. 1.0 means 100% of desired turn rate*/void TurnAtRate(float Rate);/*** Called via input to turn look up/down at a given rate. * @param Rate This is a normalized rate, i.e. 1.0 means 100% of desired turn rate*/void LookUpAtRate(float Rate);/** Handler for when a touch input begins. */void TouchStarted(ETouchIndex::Type FingerIndex, FVector Location);/** Handler for when a touch input stops. */void TouchStopped(ETouchIndex::Type FingerIndex, FVector Location);protected:// APawn interfacevirtual void SetupPlayerInputComponent(class UInputComponent* PlayerInputComponent) override;// End of APawn interfacepublic:/** Returns CameraBoom subobject **/FORCEINLINE class USpringArmComponent* GetCameraBoom() const { return CameraBoom; }/** Returns FollowCamera subobject **/FORCEINLINE class UCameraComponent* GetFollowCamera() const { return FollowCamera; }UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)bool GetIsHanging()const;//UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void Jump();//UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void StopJumping();private://用于左右跳跃void JudgeJumpRightOrLeft(float Value);//用于向上跳及蹬墙跳void JudgeJumpUp(float Value);//获取角色方向并进行吸附FVector GetClimbForwardVector();UFUNCTION()void LeaveFromWall();UFUNCTION()void ClimbMoveRight(float Value);UFUNCTION()void ClimbMoveUp(float Value);
public:UFUNCTION()void ClimbToWall();//Montage及动画蓝图播放前后的设置UFUNCTION()void ClimbUp();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void ClimbUpOver();UFUNCTION()void JumpUp();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void JumpUpOver();UFUNCTION()void JumpLeft();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void JumpLeftOver();UFUNCTION()void JumpRight();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void JumpRightOver();UFUNCTION()void TurnLeft();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void TurnLeftOver();UFUNCTION()void TurnRight();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void TurnRightOver();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void ClimbDown();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void ClimbDownOver();UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)void JumpBack();
};

ClimbAnimCharacter.cpp
//添加悬挂时的跳跃
void AClimbAnimCharacter::Jump()
{if (State != STATE::STATE_ONHANGING) {Super::Jump();State = STATE::STATE_ONAIR;}else {if (State == STATE::STATE_ONHANGING) {float X_Value = GetInputAxisValue(TEXT("MoveRight"));float Y_Value = GetInputAxisValue(TEXT("MoveForward"));JudgeJumpUp(Y_Value);JudgeJumpRightOrLeft(X_Value);}}
}
//获取角色攀爬时的朝向，并查看距碰撞点的距离是否满足要求
FVector AClimbAnimCharacter::GetClimbForwardVector()
{FVector beginLocation = GetActorLocation();FVector endLocation = beginLocation+RootComponent->GetForwardVector()*200.0f;TArray<AActor*>ignoreActors;ignoreActors.Add(this);FHitResult hit;UKismetSystemLibrary::LineTraceSingle(GetWorld(), beginLocation, endLocation,UEngineTypes::ConvertToTraceType(ECC_GameTraceChannel1), false, ignoreActors, EDrawDebugTrace::Type::ForOneFrame, hit, true);hitNormal = hit.Normal;hitLocation = hit.Location;if (hitLocation!=FVector::ZeroVector&&UKismetMathLibrary::Abs((hitLocation - beginLocation).Size()) > OffDistance) {SetActorLocation(hitLocation + hitNormal * OffDistance);}GEngine->AddOnScreenDebugMessage(__LINE__, 1.0f, FColor::Black, FString(" Actor Location :") + beginLocation.ToString() + FString("    Hit Location :") + hitLocation.ToString() + FString("    Hit Normal") + hitNormal.ToString());FRotator normal = UKismetMathLibrary::Conv_VectorToRotator(hitNormal);FVector upVector = UKismetMathLibrary::GetUpVector(normal);return UKismetMathLibrary::RotateAngleAxis(hitNormal, 180.0f, upVector);
}
//由Component调用
void AClimbAnimCharacter::ClimbToWall()
{FVector forwardVector = GetClimbForwardVector();//SetActorLocation(hitLocation + hitNormal * OffDistance);FRotator rotation = UKismetMathLibrary::Conv_VectorToRotator(forwardVector);SetActorRotation(rotation);GetCharacterMovement()->SetMovementMode(MOVE_Flying);GetCharacterMovement()->StopMovementImmediately();State = STATE::STATE_ONHANGING;GetCharacterMovement()->bOrientRotationToMovement = false;IsHanging = true;
}
//绑定按键“Drop”触发
void AClimbAnimCharacter::LeaveFromWall()
{IsHanging = false;FRotator normal = FRotator(0.0f); normal.Yaw=UKismetMathLibrary::Conv_VectorToRotator(hitNormal).Yaw;SetActorRotation(normal);GetCharacterMovement()->StopMovementImmediately();GetCharacterMovement()->SetMovementMode(MOVE_Falling);GetCharacterMovement()->bOrientRotationToMovement = true;State = STATE::STATE_ONAIR;
}
//通过角色的状态：State判断，当为攀爬时，使用以下移动方式
void AClimbAnimCharacter::ClimbMoveRight(float Value)
{if ((Controller != NULL) && State==STATE::STATE_ONHANGING && ((CanMoveRight==true&&Value>=0)||(CanMoveLeft==true&&Value<=0))){FVector forwardVector = GetClimbForwardVector();FRotator normal = UKismetMathLibrary::Conv_VectorToRotator(forwardVector);FVector Direction = UKismetMathLibrary::GetRightVector(normal);GEngine->AddOnScreenDebugMessage(__LINE__, 1.0f, FColor::Blue, FString("MoveRight Direction : ") + Direction.ToString());SetActorRotation(normal);AddMovementInput(Direction*Value, ClimbSpeed);MoveHorizontal = Value;}else if ((Controller != NULL) && State == STATE::STATE_ONHANGING && CanMoveRight == false && Value > 0) {//使用MontageTurnRight();}else if ((Controller != NULL) && State == STATE::STATE_ONHANGING && CanMoveLeft == false && Value < 0) {TurnLeft();}
}void AClimbAnimCharacter::ClimbMoveUp(float Value)
{if ((Controller != NULL) && State==STATE::STATE_ONHANGING && ((CanMoveUp==true&&Value>=0)||(CanMoveDown==true&&Value<=0))) {FVector forwardVector = GetClimbForwardVector();FRotator normal = UKismetMathLibrary::Conv_VectorToRotator(forwardVector);FVector Direction= UKismetMathLibrary::GetUpVector(normal);GEngine->AddOnScreenDebugMessage(__LINE__, 1.0f, FColor::Blue, FString("MoveUp Direction : ") + Direction.ToString());SetActorRotation(normal);AddMovementInput(Direction*Value , ClimbSpeed);MoveVertical = Value;}else if ((Controller != NULL) && State == STATE::STATE_ONHANGING && CanMoveUp == false && IsHanging==true && Value > 0) {ClimbUp();}
}
//蹬墙跳，主要使用“LaunchCharacter（）”给一个力，把角色推移墙面
void AClimbAnimCharacter::JumpBack()
{LeaveFromWall();FVector forwardVector = GetActorForwardVector();forwardVector *= 500.0f;forwardVector.Z += 300.0f;LaunchCharacter(forwardVector, false, false);State = STATE::STATE_ONAIR;
}
//Montage动画调用实例，其它的大同小异
void AClimbAnimCharacter::ClimbUp()
{GetCharacterMovement()->StopMovementImmediately();DisableInput(GetWorld()->GetFirstPlayerController());IsClimbingUp = true;SetActorEnableCollision(false);//if (MontageClimbUp != nullptr)PlayAnimMontage(MontageClimbUp);
}void AClimbAnimCharacter::ClimbUpOver()
{GetCharacterMovement()->SetMovementMode(MOVE_Walking);GetCharacterMovement()->bOrientRotationToMovement = true;State = STATE::STATE_ONFLOOR;EnableInput(GetWorld()->GetFirstPlayerController());SetActorEnableCollision(true);
}

跳跃等操作也向上面一样判断即可

开发中遇到的问题

由于使用的是碰撞表面的法线绕Z轴180°作为角色的朝向，其移动的方向为表面的切线。在曲面攀爬时，会使角色远离物体，所以需要不断修正角色距墙面的位置。
使用的是移动模式中的飞行模式，需将 BrakingDecelerationFlying 设置为最大值，否则角色会由于阻力过小产生漂移。

攀爬系统的总结

该系统完成了角色在墙面的自由攀爬，转角，边缘的爬上、爬下，左右跳跃，向上跳，蹬墙跳。
主要运用了移动组件，碰撞检测，角色蓝图，动画蓝图，Montage，以及C++与蓝图交互的一些知识。
改善方向：代码结构需要修改，Character代码空间过于冗杂，可以放到其他地方。碰撞检测时可以设置Tag，使指定的部分可以攀爬。

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ue4——攀爬系统的实现与总结