C++ 面向对象常见问题
2024-07-06 20:00:41
文章目录
- 1. 面向对象的三大特征
- 2. 简述多态实现原理
- 3. 怎样解决菱形继承
- 4. C++ 11中function lambda bind之间的关系
- 5. 继承下的构造函数和析构函数的执行顺序
- 6. 虚函数表和虚函数表指针(vptr)的创建时机
- 7. 虚析构函数的作用
- 8. 智能指针种类以及使用场景
- 9.C++ 11用过哪些新特性
- 10.动态库与静态库区别
- 11.左值引用与右值引用的区别？右值引用的意义？
- 参考
1. 面向对象的三大特征
2. 简述多态实现原理
demo1：早绑定
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base {public:void func() {cout << "Base::func" << endl;}
};class Drive : public Base {public:void func() {cout << "Drive::func" << endl;}
};int main() {Base *pbase1 = new Base();Base *pbase2 = new Drive();pbase1->func();pbase2->func();return 0;
}
运行结果
Base::func
Base::func
demo2：晚绑定
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base {public:virtual void func() {cout << "Base::func" << endl;}
};class Drive : public Base {public:void func() {cout << "Drive::func" << endl;}
};int main() {Base *pbase1 = new Base();Base *pbase2 = new Drive();pbase1->func();pbase2->func();return 0;
}
运行结果
Base::func
Drive::func
demo3：晚绑定原理
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base {public:virtual void func() {cout << "Base::func" << endl;}
};class Drive : public Base {public:void func() {cout << "Drive::func" << endl;}
};int main() {typedef void (*Func)(void);Base *pbase1 = new Base();Base *pbase2 = new Drive();long * vptr1 = (long *)*(long *)pbase1;Func f1 = (Func)vptr1[0];f1();long * vptr2 = (long *)*(long *)pbase2;Func f2 = (Func)vptr2[0];f2();// pbase1->func();// pbase2->func();return 0;
}
运行结果
Base::func
Drive::func
3. 怎样解决菱形继承
demo1
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class A {public:void func1() {}void func2() {}int num;
};class B1 : public A {public:void func1() {}
};class B2 : public A {public:void func2() {}
};class C : public B1, public B2 {};int main() {C c{};c.B1::num = 1;c.B2::num = 2;cout << "c.B1::num " << c.B1::num << " c.B2::num " << c.B2::num << endl;return 0;
}
运行结果：
会造成二义性
c.B1::num 1 c.B2::num 2
demo2:
如何解决菱形继承？带上virtual关键字
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class A {public:void func1() {}void func2() {}int num;
};class B1 : virtual public A {public:void func1() {}
};class B2 : virtual public A {public:void func2() {}
};class C : public B1, public B2 {};int main() {C c{};c.B1::num = 1;c.B2::num = 2;cout << "c.B1::num " << c.B1::num << " c.B2::num " << c.B2::num << endl;return 0;
}
运行结果
c.B1::num 2 c.B2::num 2
打印类的继承关系和虚表结构。
GCC7.x 以前使用选项：-fdump-class-hierarchy
GCC8及以后使用选项：-fdump-lang-class
未使用虚继承类的继承关系和虚表结构 。可以看出两个A的地址不一样。
使用虚继承类的继承关系和虚表结构 。可以看出两个A的地址一样。B1 B2均会指向相同的虚表，反向查找A的地址。
4. C++ 11中function lambda bind之间的关系
demo1：
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>using namespace std;void hello(int count) {cout << "hello world: " << count << endl;
};class StaticFunc {public: static void hello(int count) {cout << "StaticFunc::hello world: " << count <<endl;}
};class Hello {public:void operator() (int count) {i += count;cout << "Hello::hello world: " << i << endl;}void operator() (int a, int b) {cout << "Hello::hello world: a + b = " << a + b << endl;}int i = 0;
};class CHello {public:void hello(int count) {cout << "CHello::hello world: " << count <<endl;}
};class LambdaHello {public:LambdaHello(int _i) : i(_i) {}void operator() (int count) {i ++;cout << "LambdaHello::hello world: " << count << " i = " << i << endl;}
private:int i;
};class BindHello {public:BindHello(function<void(int)> _fn, int _count) : fn(_fn), count(_count) {}void operator()() {fn(count);}
private:function<void(int)> fn;int count;};class BindCHello {public:typedef void (CHello::*Fn)(int); BindCHello(Fn _fn, CHello *_c) : fn(_fn), c(_c) {}void operator() (int count) {(c->*fn)(count);}
private:Fn fn;CHello *c;
};int main() {function<void(int)> f_hello1 = hello;f_hello1(1);function<void(int)> f_hello2 = &hello;f_hello2(1);function<void(int)> f_hello3 = &StaticFunc::hello;f_hello3(2); function<void(int)> f_hello4 = Hello();f_hello4(4);f_hello4(4); // 可以通过成员变量i 来存储状态function<void(int, int)> f_hello5 = Hello();f_hello5(5, 6);function<void(CHello *, int)> f_hello6 = &CHello::hello; //保存类的成员函数 CHello c;f_hello6(&c, 7);int i = 0;auto f_hello7 = [i](int count) mutable -> void {i ++;cout << "lambda::hello world: " << count << " i = " << i << endl;}; // 创建了一个闭包 f_hello7(8);cout << " i = " << i << endl; // i依然为0 auto f_hello8 = [&i](int count) -> void {i ++;cout << "lambda::hello world: " << count << " i = " << i << endl;}; f_hello8(8);cout << " i = " << i << endl; // i的值改变为1auto f_hello9 = LambdaHello(i);f_hello9(9);auto f_hello10 = bind(&hello, 10);f_hello10();// 绑定类成员函数auto f_hello11 = bind(&CHello::hello, &c, 11);f_hello11();// 提供占位符auto f_hello12 = bind(&CHello::hello, &c, placeholders::_1);f_hello12(1000);auto f_hello13 = BindHello(&hello, 10);f_hello13();auto f_hello14 = BindCHello(&CHello::hello, &c);f_hello14(10000);return 0;
}
运行结果：
hello world: 1
hello world: 1
StaticFunc::hello world: 2
Hello::hello world: 4
Hello::hello world: 8
Hello::hello world: a + b = 11
CHello::hello world: 7
lambda::hello world: 8 i = 1i = 0
lambda::hello world: 8 i = 1i = 1
LambdaHello::hello world: 9 i = 2
hello world: 10
CHello::hello world: 11
CHello::hello world: 1000
hello world: 10
CHello::hello world: 10000
5. 继承下的构造函数和析构函数的执行顺序
demo1
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base1 {public:Base1() {cout << "Base1 construction" << endl;}~Base1() {cout << "Base1 desstruction" << endl;}
};class Base {public:Base() {cout << "Base construction" << endl;}~Base() {cout << "Base desstruction" << endl;}
private:Base1 b1;
};class Drive1 : public Base {public:Drive1() {cout << "Drive1 construction" << endl;}~Drive1() {cout << "Drive1 desstruction" << endl;}
};class Drive : public Base {public:Drive() {cout << "Drive construction" << endl;}~Drive() {cout << "Drive desstruction" << endl;}
private:Drive1 d1;
};// =======================================
class MDrive1 {public:MDrive1() {cout << "MDrive1 construction" << endl;}~MDrive1() {cout << "MDrive1 desstruction" << endl;}
};class MDrive2 {public:MDrive2() {cout << "MDrive2 construction" << endl;}~MDrive2() {cout << "MDrive2 desstruction" << endl;}
};class MBase1 {public:MBase1() {cout << "MBase1 construction" << endl;}~MBase1() {cout << "MBase1 desstruction" << endl;}
};class MBase2 {public:MBase2() {cout << "MBase2 construction" << endl;}~MBase2() {cout << "MBase2 desstruction" << endl;}
};class MDrive : public MBase1, public MBase2 {public:MDrive() {cout << "MDrive construction" << endl;}~MDrive() {cout << "MDrive desstruction" << endl;}
private:MDrive1 md1;MDrive2 md2;
};int main() {Drive d;cout << "-----------------" << endl;MDrive md;return 0;
}
运行结果：
Base1 construction
Base construction
Base1 construction
Base construction
Drive1 construction
Drive construction
-----------------
MBase1 construction
MBase2 construction
MDrive1 construction
MDrive2 construction
MDrive construction
MDrive desstruction
MDrive2 desstruction
MDrive1 desstruction
MBase2 desstruction
MBase1 desstruction
Drive desstruction
Drive1 desstruction
Base desstruction
Base1 desstruction
Base desstruction
Base1 desstruction
6. 虚函数表和虚函数表指针(vptr)的创建时机
7. 虚析构函数的作用
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;class Base {public:virtual ~Base() {cout << "Base::~Base()" << endl; }
};class Drive : public Base {public:~Drive() {cout << "Drive::~Drive()" << endl;}
};int main() {// Driver d; //早绑定Base *p = new Drive(); delete p;return 0;
}
8. 智能指针种类以及使用场景
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;class B;
class A {public:~A() {cout << "A::~A()" << endl;}weak_ptr<B> spb;
};class B {public:~B() {cout << "B::~B()" << endl;}weak_ptr<A> spb;
};class T : public enable_shared_from_this<T> {public:shared_ptr<T> self() {return shared_from_this();}
};class T1 {};unique_ptr<T1> get_unique() {unique_ptr<T1> up;return up;
}
void func(int *p) {if () {return;}delete p;
}int main() {// 循环引用 shared_ptr<A> sp1 = make_shared<A>();\shared_ptr<B> sp2 = make_shared<B>();sp1->spb = sp2;sp2->spa = sp1;cout << "A.use_counnt():" << sp1.use_count() << " B.use_count():" << sp2.count() << endl;{int *p = new int;delete p;p = nullptr;}{int *p = new int;int *p1 = p;int *p2 = p;int *p3 = p;int *p4 = p;delete p;p = nullptr;// p1.. 操作不存在的资源 }{int *p = new int;func(p);}// 智能指针使用场景vector<shared_ptr<T>> vec;vec.clear();{//不要暴露裸指针 //错误做法 p在后面可能被用到int *p = new int();shared_ptr<int> sp = shared_ptr<int>(p);//正确做法shared_ptr<int> sp = shared_ptr<int>(new int);int *p = sp.get(); //尽量不要使用这个接口 //建议做法shared_ptr<int> sp = make_shared<int>();}return 0;
}
9.C++ 11用过哪些新特性
10.动态库与静态库区别
#include <iostream>#include "api.h"using std::cout;
using std::endl;int main() {cout << "add(1, 2) = " << add(1, 2) << endl;cout << "del(1, 2) = " << del(1, 2) << endl;return 0;
}#include "api.h"int del(int a, int b) {return a - b;
}
#include "api.h"int add(int a, int b) {return a + b;
}
#pragma onceint add(int a, int b);int del(int a, int b);
生成.o文件：
- g++ -c add.cc -o add.o
- g++ -c del.cc -o del.o
编译成静态库：
- ar rcs libapi.a del.o add.o
- g++ main.cc libapi.a -o static_main
编译成动态库：
- g++ -shared -fPIC -o libapi.so del.o add.o
- g++ main.cc -o dynamic_main -L./ -lapi -I./
- export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/workspace/ykhe/practice //动态库运行需要指定路径
11.左值引用与右值引用的区别？右值引用的意义？
参考
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