组合机床滑台动态特性的研究英文翻译

附录

附录1

英文原文

Combine tool machine a slippery pedestal the research of the dynamic state characteristic

【Summary】this text make use of power key to match diagram and appearance space analyticalthe method hurtle and exercise a steady sex problem to carry on analysis and study towards combining tool machine slip pedestal of ex-ly, the liquid which builds up a slippery pedestalpresses to drive system a from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon dynamic statemathematics model of system.Pass a calculator numeral to imitate really, hurtle and exercise notsteady reason and main impact factor before analyzing a slippery pedestal a creation.From in get, if reasonably design a liquid to press an urn with from adjust to carry on the back to press toadjust structure size of press the valve, can make the dynamic state characteristic of slipperypedestal shown a Zhao improvement.

One, preface

Combine a tool machine work in, the varieties which slip a size of sport speed and direction andthe load bear all influence degree differently it work function.Especially in the work enter theprocess.Slippery the on the stage load of suddenly disappear causable of ex- hurtle and load ofthe period variety cause of the sport gravamen be steady, all is processed the surface quality ofpiece the influence, severity hour will cause the knife break.Request according to tool machinefactory in Dalian, the author adopts power key to match diagram and the analytical method establishment of the appearance space to combine the new liquid that the tool machine slips apedestal to press to drive system a from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon dynamic state mathematics model of system.Pass a calculator numeral to imitate really and study.Analytical slippery the pedestal produce ago hurtle and exercise not steady reason and main impact factor, in order to improvement slippery the dynamic state characteristic of pedestal.

Two, dynamic state mathematics model

The liquid which combines tool machine to slip a pedestal presses to drive system a from adjustto carry on the back to press to adjust soon the work principle diagram of system,such as diagram I, to show.That system is the work circulation which uses to complete "the work enter a stop a back quickly".When slippery pedestal work enter, 34 change to be placed in diagram to show a right toward the valve, the oil pump of provide hydraulic-pneumatic dint under thefunction which over flows valve look like ground to keep Heng settle, the oil's liquid flows through to change toward the valve and adjust soon valve juniors into the oil urn of have no a pole chamber, push slippery the set be left shift;In the meantime, oil urn the pressure oil that if there is pole chamber, eject through from adjust to carry on the back to press valve and change to flow to return to fuel tank toward the valve.In this process, two one-way valves with overflowed to flow valve and always don't change original work appearance.Object that system so of complications not line system, for the sake of easy to study its dynamic state characteristic, build up a reasonable simple dynamic state mathematics model which only emphasizes to consider main impact factor is particularly important[1][2].Know from the theories the analysis with experiment the research:That system of process time be soon that the process which is far larger than to adjust valve is soonhorary, oil urn have no the pole chamber effectively accepts to press area very greatly, adjust soon valve export discharge of super adjust a reflection in a moment is slippery pedestal sport speed of the variety be pimping[2].For openning widely and going deep into dynamic state characteristic of study the system, make research work can on the microcomputer availably carry on, this text to original model[2] do further simplification, on thesupposition that adjust soon the valve outputs in the whole transition process of system Hengsettle of discharge, treat it as to flow a source.So, the structure sketch plan of the dynamic state model of system such as figure 2 show, it from oil urn, slippery set, carry on the back to press valve and unite connector's road's etc. to constitute from the Diao.This text in use of sign asfollows:

S 1-flow a source, then adjust soon valve export discharge;

Sel-the slippery set glide friction

C5, C6-the etc. effect liquid of tube road permit:

R5, R7-take care of an etc. of road effect liquid Zu;

V3, the V4-oil urn has no pole chamber and has a pole chamber the contents to accumulate;

P3, the pressure which have no pole chamber and have a pole chamber of the P4-oil urn

F-the slippery set bear a load,

V-slip a pedestal sport speed.The this literary grace hard working rate key matches diagram and appearance space to fold a method establishment sport mathematics model of the system for cent.

Power key's matching diagram is an effect to flow diagram, it is the energy which presses system to deliver a way, take actual structure as foundation, the function which uses concentration parameter the of sub- system relates to an abstract earth's surface to show for the Zu a dollar Rand permits sex dollar C and sensitive faculty dollar I of three kinds of function dollar.Adopt thiskind of method sets up a mold physical concept clear, combine the appearance space analysis method can compare to accurately describe with analysis line system, that method is in the hour the area study complications the line system dynamic state characteristic not of a kind of valid of method.

According to from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon the main characteristic ofeach component of system and set up mold rule[1], get figure 3 show of the power key of system match diagram.Each half arrowhead on the key in diagram means that the power fly to, 2 which constitute power change the quantity be a dint to change to measure(hydraulic-pneumatic P or function dint F) and flow to change to measure(discharge q or speed v).O crunode means in the system to belong to merge a conjunction, each dint of key changes to measure equality but flows to change to measure it with is zero;1 crunodes mean in the system to belong to establish a conjunction, each key is upper-class to change to measure equality but dint to change to measure it with is zero.TF means a different energy form the transformation machine of, the TF bottom mark of the letter of alphabet mean that the dint changes to measure or flows to change to measure of conversion specific value.The short and horizontal Gang of key means that key ascend two change the cause and effect between quantities relate to.The whole arrowheadses mean a control relation.Permit the dint of sex dollar and sensitive faculty dollar to change to measure in three kinds of function dollar and flow to change to measure it have integral calculus or differential calculus relation, therefore, according to figure 3 can deduce to submit to havenine complications that the appearances change to measure not the line appearance square distance.This text to slippery pedestal the research of the dynamic state characteristic from slippery pedestal of ex- hurtle and exercise steady sex both side to commence, use four ranks certainly tread long Runge-Kutta method at IBM-PC microcomputer up carry on numeral to imitate really, imitate a true result to distinguish such as figure 4 with figure 5 show. Three, slip to hurtle before the pedestal Slippery before the pedestal hurtle phenomenon is what function at slip the load of on the stage suddenly disappeared( if drilled to deeply work circumstance) cause.In this process, the variety which slips two chamber pressure P3s and P4 of the load F, sport speed V, oil urn of pedestal can from the figure 4 imitate true result see.When the slippery pedestal evenly and soon exercises under the function of the load, the oil urn has no pole chamber oil liquid pressure higher.It came together a great deal of energy in the oil liquid.While loading to suddenly disappear, that chamber is hydraulic-pneumatic to immediately and quickly lower, the oil liquid turns into the process of low-pressure Tai toward system to release a lot of energies from the high pressure Tai and cause slippery pedestal the high speed pounds at forward.However, slip a pedestal of ex- hurtle to make an oil urn to have a pole chamber the oil liquid is press to cause to carry on the back to press to go up, thus the depletion drop one part of energies in the system, to slippery pedestal of front blunt certainly repress a function.Should see, in the system study, from adjust to carry on the back entrance pressure of press the valve and be subjected to an oil urn two chambers hydraulic-pneumatic comprehensive function.BE load a disappeared moment, from adjust to carry on the back the pressure of press the valve quickly rises, and stabilize the number which starts to carry on the back to press at the beginning in the Gao up.From the diagram it is thus clear that, from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon the system is in a twinkling load to disappear oil urn carry the range that the pressure go up on oil urn's back big in traditionally adjust soon system, so, its oil urn energy which have the oil liquid in the pole chamber absorption many;Result, slip a pedestal of ex- blunt the quantity adjusts system to soon want than the tradition small be close to 20%.It is thus clear that adoption from adjust to carry on the back a Chuang to adjust soon system conduct and actions to drive the slippery pedestal of system to have good characteristic in the aspects of hurtling before repress, among them from adjust to carry on the back to press valve to have very your work to use.

Four, slip the exercise of pedestal steady

While regarding as a load period of used for the slippery on the stage variety(if the Xian pares to process a circumstance), the sport speed which slips a pedestal wants to produce certain。motion.In order to process the request of quality at assurance, have to possibly let up its speed motion scope.Set out from the convenience discussed a problem, suppose a load by the sine wave regulation variety, get thus of numeral imitate a true result such as figure 5 show.Be showed from this that system and traditionally adjust soon system to have same variety regulation with very close of number.The reason is that the variety range of load isn't big, oil urn two chamber pressures also more and greatly didn't change, end cause from adjust to carry on the back a function of press the valve not enough obvious.

Five, improve measure

Study result enunciation, with from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon system for drive the slippery set of system, its dynamic state characteristic surpasses to traditionally adjustsoon system.Want to reduce the ex- blunt quantity of slippery pedestal, must be load the disappeared moment quickly raises an oil urn have a pole chamber of carry on the back pressure;Want to raise the exercise of slippery pedestal steady to need to increase system of rigid, the main measure lies in the physical volume which lets up an oil liquid.Know °from the structure of the system, the oil urn has a pole chamber to have with the row pipeline one very big capacity and show such as the figure 6 as.It of the existence delay with Shuai reduce from adjust to carry on the back a function of press the valve, also lowered system on the other hand of rigid, it limitted to hurtle characteristic and exercise the further improvement of steady ago.Therefore, the improvement slippery pedestal dynamic state characteristic can carry on from two paths:Namely change an oil urn capacity and change from adjust to carry on the back to pressvalve structure size.The comparison passed one true calculation and result of the imitate of parameter of the system structure can get:When oil urn have pole chamber and row pipeline thecapacity V4 together has no pole chamber with enter pipeline the capacity V3 of ratio from original of 5.5 change to 1, such as the figure 6 bs show, in the meantime, from adjust to carry on the back to press the valve valve Xin bottom to carry diameter is increase by the original 10 mms for the 13 mms, damping triangle slot side long let up a 0.7 mms from the original lmm, canmake slippery pedestal of ex- hurtle quantity to let up 30%, transfer the process obviouslyshortens for time and slip the exercise of pedestal steady to get to very greatly improve.

Six, conclusion

Imitate a true research through theories analysis and calculator, from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon system Be combine a drive of the tool machine slippery pedestal system to have much of expansion use value.The main factor which influences a slippery pedestal dynamic state characteristic is oil urn internal structure with from adjust to carry on the back topress valve of size.If as to it's carry on a reasonable design, the dynamic state characteristic canmake to slip a pedestal is shown Zhao ground an improvement.Also explained adoption power in make to slip a pedestal is shown Zhao ground an improvement.Also explained adoption power incomplications not line is convenience valid of.

In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, thisindicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially toreplace the mental labor the tool. It with the humanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundation.

After 6 years, in 1952, computer technology applied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, thetraditional enginebed hashad the archery target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development.

The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numeral logic circuit "to build" to become an engine bed special purpose computer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIREDNC), Jian Chengwei numerical control (NC). Along with the primary devicedevelopment, this stage has had been through repeatedly three generations, namely 1952first generation of -- electron tube; 1959second generation of -- transistor; 1965 third generation -- small scale integration electric circuit.

In 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical control system the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC)the stage ("which shouldhave computer in front of the general" two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores part -- logic units and the controller, used the large scale integrated circuit technology integration on together the chip, called it the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR),alsomightbe called the centralprocessing element (tobe calledCPU).

The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical control system. This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the multi- Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then small machine reliability was not ideal. The early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are alsohigh, but may solve through the multi-processor structure. Because the microprocessor is the general-purpose calculator core part, therefore still was called the computer numerical control.

In 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had called microcomputer) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may satisfiedly take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage.

In brief, the computer numerical control stage has also experienced three generations. Namely 1970fourth generation of -- minicomputer; 1974five dynasties-- microprocessor and 1990sixth generation -- (overseaswascalledPC-BASED) based on PC.

onto this path. Uses PC machine to take at least its front end machine, processes the man-machine contact surface, the programming, the association.Question and so on net correspondence, undertakes the numerical control duty by the original system. PC machine has the friendly man-machine contact surface, will popularize to all numerical controls system. The long-distancecommunication, the long-distance diagnosis and the service will be more common.

Along with the artificial intelligence in the computer domain unceasing seepage and the development, the numerical control system intellectualized degree unceasingly will enhance.

applies the adaptive control technology

The numerical controlsystem can examine in theprocess some important information, and the automatic control system related parameter, achieves the improvement system running status the goal.

introduces the expert system instruction processing

The skilled worker and expert's experience, the processing general rule and the special rule store in the system, take the craft parameter database as the strut, the establishment has the artificial intelligence the expert system.

introduces the breakdown to diagnose the expert system

intellectualized numeral servo drive

May through the automatic diagnosis load, but the automatic control parameter, causes the actuation system to obtain the best movement. Second, engine bed numerical control transformation necessity

From on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has the prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover these superiority come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains. may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curvedsurface and so on the complex components.

Because the computer has the excellent operation ability, may the instant accurately calculate each coordinate axis instant to be supposed the movement physiological load of exercise, therefore may turn round the synthesis complex curve or the curved surface.

may realize the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the efficiency may enhance 3 ~ 7 times compared to the traditional engine bed.

Because the computer has the memory and the memory property, may the procedure which inputs remember and save, then the order which stipulated according to the procedure automatic carries out, thus realization automation. The numerical control engine bed so long as replaces a procedure, may realize another work piece processing automation, thus causes the single unit and the small batch of production can automate, therefore is called has realized "flexible automation".

From on macroscopic looked that, the industry developed country armed forces, the airplane weapon industry, in the end of the 70's, at the beginning of the 80's started the large-scale application numerical control engine bed. Its essence is, uses the information technology to the traditional industry (includingthe armed forces, airplane weapon industry) carries on the technological transformations. Except that uses outside the numerical control engine bed, FMC, FMS in themanufacture process, but also includes in the product development carries out CAD, CAE, CAM, the hypothesized manufacture aswell as carries out MIS in the production management (management information system), CIMS and so on. As well as increases the information technology in its production product, including artificial intelligence and so on content. Because uses the information technology to the country foreign troops, the airplane weapon industry carries on the thorough transformation (tocall it becoming an information based society), finally causes them the product in the internationalmilitary goods and in the goods for civilian use market the competitive power greatly is the enhancement. But we in the information technology transformation tradition industry aspect compared to the developed country to fall behind approximately for 20 years. Like in our country engine bed capacity, numerical control engine bed proportion (numerical control rate) to 1995 only then 1.9%, but Japan has reached 20.8% in 1994, therefore every year has the massive mechanical and electrical products import. This also on from on macroscopic explained the engine bed numerical control transformation necessity.

In US, Japan and Germany and so on the developed country, their engine bed transforms took the new economical growth profession, thrives abundantly, is occupying the golden age. As a result of the engine bed as well as the technicalunceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is "the eternal" topic. Our unceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is "the eternal" topic. Our unceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is "the eternal" topic. Our Germany,have the broad market with the numerical control technological transformations engine bed and the production line, has formed the engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation new profession. In US, the engine bed transformation industry is called the engine bed regeneration (Remanufacturing)industry. Isengaged inthe regeneration industryfamous company to include: The Bertsche engineering firm, the ayton engine bed company, Devlieg-Bullavd (arevaluable) serves the group, the US equipment company and soon. The American valuable company has set up the company in China. In Japan, theengine bed transformation industry is called the engine bed to reequip (Retrofitting) industry. Is engaged in the reequipment industry famous company to include: Big indentation project group, hillock three mechanical companies, thousand substitute fields labor machine company, wild engineering firm, shore field engineering firm, mountain this engineering firm and so on.

The engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation main

content has following several points:

First is extensively recovers the function, to the engine bed, the production line has the breakdown partially to carry on the diagnosis and the restoration;

Second is NC, the addend reveals the installment on the ordinary engine bed, or adds the numerical control system, transforms the NC engine bed, the CNC engine bed;

Third is renovates, for increases the precision, the efficiency and theautomaticity, to the machinery, the electricity partially carries on renovates, reassembles the processing to themachine part, extensively recovers the precision; reassembles the processing to themachine part, extensively recovers the precision; by newest CNC;

Fourth is the technology renews or the technical innovation, for enhances the performance or the scale, or in order to use the new craft, the new technology, carries on the big scale in the original foundation the technology to renew or the technical innovation, the great scope raises the level and the scale renewal transformation.The new electrical system transforms after, how carries on the debugging as well as the determination reasonable approval standard, also is the technology preparatory work important link. The debugging work involves the machinery, the hydraulic pressure, the electricity, the control, and so on, thereforemust carry on by the project person incharge, other personnel coordinate. The debugging stepmay conform to simplicity tonumerous, from infancyto maturity, carries on from outside to in, after also may the partial overall situation.

中文翻译

组合机床滑台动态特性的研究

【摘要】本利用功率键合图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的前冲和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真，分析了滑台产生前冲和运动不平稳的原及主要影响素。从中得出，如果合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸，可以使滑台的动态特性得到显著改善。

1引言

组合机床工作中，滑台运动速度的大小和方向以及所承受负载的变化都将程度不同地影响其工作性能。特别是在工进过程中。滑台上负载的突然消失引起的前冲以及负载的周期变化引起的运动不平稳，都将影响被加工件的表面质量，严重时会致使刀具折断。根据大连机床厂要求，作者采用功率键合图和状态空间分析法建立组合机床滑台的新型液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真和研究。分析滑台产生前冲和运动不平稳的原以及主要的影响，以便改善滑台的动态特性。

2动态数学模型

组合机床滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的工作原理图如图I所示。该系统是用来完成"工进一停止一快退”的工作循环。当滑台工进时，三位四通换向阀处于图示右位，油泵的供油压力在滥流阀的作用下近似地保持恒定，该油液流经换向阀和调速阀后进入油缸的无杆腔，推动滑台左移；同时，油缸有杆腔排出的压力油经自调背压阀和换向阀流回油箱。在此过程中，两个单向阀和溢流阀始终没有改变原有的工作状态。对象该系统这样的复杂非线性系统，为了便于研究其动态特性，建立一个仅着重考虑主要影响因素的合理简单的动态数学模型是尤其重要的[1][2]。从理论分析和试验研究中得知：该系统的过程时间是远大于调速阀的过程时间的，油缸无杆腔有效承压面积很大，调速阀出口流量的瞬时超调反映为滑台运动速度的变化是很小的[2]。为了拓宽和深入研究系统的动态特性，使研究工作能在微型计算机上有效地进行，本对原模型[2]做进一步简化，假定调速阀在系统的整个过渡过程中输出恒定的流量，视其为流源。这样，系统的动态模型的结构简图如图2 所示，它是由油缸、滑台，自凋背压阀和联接管路等组成。本论文中所使用的符号：

s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量；

Sel—滑台滑动摩擦力

R 一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数

I1—滑台与油缸的质量12—自调背压阀阀心质量

C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容

C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度

R1, R2 自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻，

R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻

Se2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力；

I4, I5—管路的等效液感

C5、C6—管路的等效液容：

R5, R7-管路的等效液阻；

V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积；

P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力

F—滑台承受负载，

滑台前冲现象是作用在滑台上的负载突然消失（如钻透工作情况)引起的。在此过程中，滑台的负载F、运动速度V、油缸两腔压力P3 和P4 的变化可从图4 仿真结果看出。当滑台在负载的作用下匀速运动时，油缸无杆腔油液压力较高．油液中聚集了大量的能量。当负载突然消失时，该腔油压随之迅速降低，油液从高压态转入低压态的过程中向系统释放很多能量，致使滑台高速向前冲击。然而，滑台的前冲使油缸有杆腔油液受压引起背压升高，从而消耗掉系统中的一部分能量，对滑台的前冲起一定的抑制作用。应当看到，在所研究的系统中，自调背压阀的入口压力要受到油缸两腔油压的综合作用。在负载消失的瞬间，自调背压阀的压力迅速上升，并稳定在高于初始背压的数值上。从图中可见，自调背压调速系统在负载消失瞬间油缸背压力升高的幅度大于传统的调速系统，所以，其油缸有杆腔中油液吸收的能量多；结果，滑台的前冲量比传统调速系统要小近20%。可见采用自调背庄调速系统作为驱动系统的滑台在抑制前冲方面具有良好的特性，其中自调背压阀起了很大作用。

四.滑台的运动平稳性

当作用于滑台上的负载周期变化时（如铣削加工情况），滑台的运动速度要产生一定的波动。为于保加工质量的要求，必须尽可能地减小其速度波动范围。从讨论问题的方便出发，假设负载按正弦波规律变化，从而得到的数字仿真结果如图5所示。由此可见该系统与传统的调速系统有着相同的变化规律和非常接近的数值。原是负载的变化幅度不大，油缸两腔压力也没有较大变化，最终导致自调背压阀的作用不够明显。

五、改善措施

研究结果表明，以自调背压调速系统为驱动系统的滑台，其动态特性优于传统的调速系统。要减少滑台的前冲量，必需在负载消失的瞬间迅速提高油缸有杆腔的背压力；要提高滑台的运动平稳性需增加系统的刚性，主要措施在于减小油液的体积。从系统的结构得知，油缸有杆腔与排油管间有一很大的容积，如图6a 所示。它的存在方面延迟和衰减了自调背压阀的作用，另一方面也降低了系统的刚性，它限制了前冲特性和运动平稳性的进一步改善。因此，改善滑台动态特性可从两个途径进行：即改变油缸容积和改变自调背压阀结构尺寸。通过一系统结构参数的仿真计算以及结果的比较可以得出：当把油缸有杆腔与排油管间容积V4 同无杆腔与进油管间容积V3 之比由原来的5.5 改为1 时，如图6b 所示，同时，把自调背压阀阀芯底直径由原来的10mm 增加为 13mm,阻尼三角槽边长从原来的lmm 减小到0.7mm 时，可使滑台的前冲量减小30%,过渡过程时间明显缩短，滑台的运动平稳性得到很大改善。

通过理论分析和计算机仿真研究,自调背压调速系统作为组合机床滑台的驱动系统是很有推广使用价值的。影响滑台动态特性的主要素是油缸内部结构和自调背压阀的尺寸。若对其进行合理设计，可使滑台的动态特性得到显著地改善。同时，也说明了采用功率键合图和状态空间分析法研究复杂非线性是方便有效的。

1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计机，这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。它与人类在农业、工业社会中创造的那些只是增强体力劳动的工具相比，起了质的飞跃，为人类进入信息社会奠定了基础。

6年后即在1952年，计算机技术应用到了机床上，在美国诞生了第一台数控机床。从此，传统机床产生了质的变化。近半个世纪以来，数控系统经历了两个阶段和六代的发展。

早期计算机的运算速度低，对当时的科学计算和数据处理影响还不大，但不能适应机床实时控制的要求。人们不得不采用数字逻辑电路"搭"成一台机床专用计机作为数控系统，被称为硬件连接数控（HARD-WIRED NC），简称为数控（NC）。随着元器件的发展，这个阶段历经了三代，即1952年的第一代--电子管；1959年的第二代--晶体管；1965年的第三代--小规模集成电路。

到 1970 年，通用小型计机业已出现并成批生产。于是将它移植过来作为数控系统的核心部件，从此进入了计机数控（CNC）阶段（把计机前面应有的"通用"两个字省略了）。到1971年，美国INTEL 公司在世界上第一次将计机的两个最核心的部件--运器和控制器，采用大规模集成电路技术集成在一块芯片上，称之为微处理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可称为中央处理单元（简称CPU）。到 1974 年微处理器被应用于数控系统。这是因为小型计机功能太强，控制一台机床能力有富裕（故当时曾用于控制多台机床，称之为群控），不如采用微处理器经济合理。而且当时的小型机可靠性也不理想。早期的微处理器速度和功能虽还不够高，但可以通过多处理器结构来解决。由于微处理器是通用计机的核心部件，故仍称为计机数控。

到了1990年，PC 机的性能已发展到很高的阶段，可以满作为数控系统核心部件的要求。数控系统从此进入了基于PC 的阶段。

总之，计算机数控阶段也经历了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型计算机；1974年的第五代--微处理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（也就是为PC-BASED）。

基于PC 所具有的开放性、低成本、高可靠性、软硬件资源丰富等特点，更多的数控系统生产厂家会走上这条道路。至少采用PC 机作为它的前端机，来处理人机界面、编程、联网通信等问题，由原有的系统承担数控的任务。PC 机所具有的友好的人机界面，将普及到所有的数控系统。远程通讯，远程诊断和维修将更加普遍。

随着人工智能在计机领域的不断渗透和发展，数控系统的智能化程度将不断提高。

1应用自适应控制技术

数控系统能检测过程中一些重要信息，并自动调整系统的有关参数，达到改进系统2运行状态的目的。

3引入专家系统指导加工

将熟练工人和专家的经验，加工的一般规律和特殊规律存入系统中，以工艺参数数据库为支撑，建立具有人工智能的专家系统。

4引入故障诊断专家系统

5智能化数字伺服驱动装置

可以通过自动识别负载，而自动调整参数，使驱动系统获得最的运行。

从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。可以加工出传统机床加工不出来的曲线、曲面等复杂的零件。由于计算机有高超的运算能力，可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该运动的运动量，因此可以复合成复杂的曲线或曲面。可以实现加工的自动化，而且是柔性自动化，从而效率可比传统机床提高3～7 倍。

由于计机有记忆和存储能力，可以将输入的程序记住和存储下来，然后按程序规定的顺序自动去执行，从而实现自动化。数控机床只要更换一个程序，就可实现另一工件加工的自动化，从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化，故被称为实现了"柔性自动化"。

加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使装配容易，不再需要"修配"。可实现多工序的集中，减少零件在机床间的频繁搬运。拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能，因而可实现长时间无看管加工。如：降低了工人的劳动强度，节省了劳动力（一个人可以看管多台机床），减少了工装，缩短了新产品试制周期和生产周期，可对市场需求作出快速反应等等。

以上这些优越性是前人想象不到的，是一个极为重大的突破。此外，机床数控化还是推行FMC （柔性制造单元）、FMS （柔性制造系统）以及CIMS （计机集成制造系统）等企业信息化改造的基础。数控技术已经成为制造业自动化的核心技术和基础技术。

从宏观上看，工业发达国家的军、民机械工业，在70 年代末、80 年代初已开始大规模应用数控机床。其本质是，采用信息技术对传统产业（包括军、民机械工业）进行技术改造。除在制造过程中采用数控机床、FMC、FMS 外，还包括在产品开发中推行CAD、CAE、CAM、虚拟制造以及在生产管理中推行MIS （管理信息系统）、CIMS 等等。以及在其生产的产品中增加信息技术，包括人工智能等的含量。由于采用信息技术对国外军、民机械工业进行深入改造（称之为信息化），最终使得他们的产品在国际军品和民品的市场上竞争力大为增强。

在美国、日本和德国等国家，机床改造作为新的经济增长行业，生意盎然，正处在黄金时代。由于机床以及技术的不断进步，机床改造是个"永恒"的课题。在美国、日本、德国，用数控技术改造机床和生产线具有广阔的市场，已形成了机床和生产线数控改造的新的行业。在美国，机床改造业称为机床再生（Remanufacturing）业。从事再生业的著名公司有：Bertsche 工程公司、ayton 机床公司、Devlieg-Bullavd （得宝）服务集团、US设备公司等。。在日本，机床改造业称为机床改装（Retrofitting）业。从事改装业的著名公司有：大隈工程集团、岗三机械公司、千代田工机公司、野崎工程公司、滨田工程公司、山本工程公司等。

机床与生产线的数控化改造主要内容有以下几点：

其一是恢复原功能，对机床、生产线存在的故障部分进行诊断并恢复；

其二是NC 化，在普通机床上加数显装置，或加数控系统，改造成NC 机床、CNC机床；

其三是翻新，为提高精度、效率和自动化程度，对机械、电气部分进行翻新，对机械部分重新装配加工，恢复原精度；对其不满足生产要求的CNC 系统以最新CNC 进行更新；

其四是技术更新或技术创新，为提高性能或档次，或为了使用新工艺、新技术，在原有基础上进行较大规模的技术更新或技术创新，较大幅度地提高水平和档次的更新改造。

同购置新机床相比，一般可以节省60％～80％的费用，改造费用低。特别是大型、特殊机床尤其明显。一般大型机床改造，只花新机床购置费用的 1/3，交货期短。但有些特殊情况，如高速主轴、托盘自动交换装置的制作与安装过于费工、费钱，往往改造成本提高2～3倍，与购置新机床相比，只能节省投资50％左右。所利用的床身、立柱等基础件都是重而坚固的铸造构件，而不是那种焊接构件，改造后的机床性能高、质量好，可以作为新设备继续使用多年。但是受到原来机械结构的限制，不宜做突破性的改造。

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