Argument常见逻辑错误及描述 【出国英语】

1、Loose generalizations 过于宽泛的概括

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Drawing conclusions about groups of people on the basis of stereotypes.

在原型的基础上得出关于整个群体的某个结论

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Example: French people are more romantic.

2、Hasty generalizations 草率概括资料来源 :医 学 教 育网

Arriving at a conclusion without enough evidence.

没有足够证据得出一个结论

Example: Asian-American students are better in math.

3、Circular Reasoning 循环论证

Restating in different words what has already been stated.

用不同的词重新论证已经论述过的东西

Example: Dieting is hard because it requires consuming fewer calories.

4、Single cause-effect 单调因果

Claiming that only one event caused another when there may be no real connection.

声称只有一个事件引起另一个事件，而它们之间可能没有真正的联系

Example: When I sat down at the computer it stopped working, so I must have done something wrong.

5、Slippery Slope

Assumes a chain of cause-effect relationships with very suspect connections.

以非常可疑的联系假定一个因果关系

Example: Because I failed my exam, my parents were mad, I lost my wallet, my car wouldn't start, and I got fired.

6、Non Sequitur 没有推理

The first part of the idea does not relate to the other.

观念的第一个部分和其他部分没有关系

Example: I did well in school because I always wore nice clothes.

7、Either/Or 非此即彼

Suggesting only two alternatives when the issue may be much more complex.

认为只有两个选择，非此即彼，然而可能复杂得多(有第三、四种可能)

Example: America--love it or leave it!

8、False Authority 错误的权威

Draws attention away from the evidence and leans on the popularity of someone who may have little knowledge of the issue or product.

将注意力从证据上引开，而依赖一些在这方面了解很少的流行人物

Example: Kathie Lee Gifford, a popular TV celebrity, says that cruises are wonderful, so they must be.

9、Ad Hominem 从个人偏好出发

Attacking the person instead of the ideas.

攻击人而非观点

Example: Don't vote for Jerry Brown; he's a left-wing fanatic, a throwback to the 60s who meditates and eats health foods.

10、Bandwagon Thinking

Claiming that most people agree so it must be right.

声称大多数人赞成所以就一定是对的

Example: I wouldn't have cheated on my income taxes, but everyone else does, so why shouldn't I?

11、Stacking the deck

Giving a slanted view of the issue by focusing only on one side.

仅集中在某一面，而得出一个关于这个问题的歪曲的观点

Example: I deserve to get an A in the class because I like the teacher, work hard, and attend class.

12、Appeal to Emotion 诉诸情绪

Exploiting the audience's feeling in order to get them on your side.

激起读者的情绪感受，以使他们站在作者这边

Example: I believe I deserve a scholarship because I am an orphan who grew up in a dysfunctional foster family.

13、Ignoring the question 忽略问题

Changing the topic before it is really considered

Example: The criminal won't say where he was on the night of the crime, but he does remember being teased relentlessly as a child.

14、Trivial objections 琐碎的缺陷(微不足道的反驳理由)

Can be similar to ad hominem in that it focuses on things unimportant to the issue at hand.

当“从个人偏好出发”关注于对这个问题不重要的东西时，Trivial objections的这种逻辑错误和其相似

Example: I think Ross Perot would make a terrible president. His ears are huge.

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