APA格式介绍-全面版本

APA

(American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to

cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised

according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA

manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research

papers, in-text citations,

endnotes/footnotes,

and the reference page. For

more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, (6th ed., 2nd

printing).

General APA

Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on

standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides.

You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends

using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.

Include a page

header(also known as the "running

head") at the top of every page. To create a page

header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then

type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all

capital letters. The running head is a shortened

version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters

including spacing and punctuation.

Major Paper

Sections

Your essay should include

four major sections: the Title

Page, Abstract, Main

Body, and References.

Title Page

The title page should

contain the title of the paper, the

author's name, and the institutional

affiliation. Include the page header (described above)

flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page.

Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head

should look like this:

Running

head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

Pages after the title page

should have a running head that looks like this:

TITLE OF

YOUR PAPER

After consulting with

publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA

6th edition, first printing sample papers have

incorrect examples of running heads on pages after

the title page. This will take you to the APA site

where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APA's

6th edition style guide.

Type your

title in upper and lowercase letters centered in

the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no

more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain

abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take

up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout

your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the

author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and

last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name,

type the institutional affiliation, which should

indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the

research.

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your

abstract page should already include the page

header (described above). On the first line of the

abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting,

italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next

line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research.

(Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your

research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results,

data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible

implications of your research and future work you see connected

with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph,

double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250

words.

You may also want to list

keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as

you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type

Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your

keywords will help researchers find your work in

databases.

Please see our

resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also

visit our page for more examples of APA papers.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past

tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to

describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found

or Jones (1998) has found...

APA citation

basics

When using APA format, follow the

author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the

author's last name and the year of publication for the source

should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a

complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end

of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from

another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or

making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only

have to make reference to the author and year of publication and

not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are

cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of

the paper.

In-text citation capitalization,

quotes, and italics/underlining

Always capitalize proper nouns,

including author names and initials: D. Jones.

If you refer to the title of a

source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four

letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence

and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs,

nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media,

There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

(Note: in your References

list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:

Writing new media.)

When capitalizing titles, capitalize

both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born

Cyborgs.

Capitalize the first word after a

dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's

Vertigo."

Italicize or underline the titles of

longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television

series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American

Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.

Put quotation marks around the

titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from

edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles:

"Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One

Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a

work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and

the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the

quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name

followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students

often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their

first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style"

(p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a

signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of

publication, and the page number in parentheses after the

quotation.

She stated, "Students often had

difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not

offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40

words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,

and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,

indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you

would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new

margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph

within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain

double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come

after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the

following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time citing

sources. This difficulty could be attributed to

the fact

that many students failed to purchase a

style

manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p.

199)

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from

another work, you only have to make reference to the author and

year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines

encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not

required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style

is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners

(Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Reference

List

Your reference list should

appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information

necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite

in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must

appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the

reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin

on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page

"References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold,

underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should

be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

All lines after the first line

of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half

inch from the left margin. This is called hanging

indentation.

Authors' names are inverted

(last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors

of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the

work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and

then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the

ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.

Reference list entries should

be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each

work.

For multiple articles by the

same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries

in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

Present the journal title in

full.

Maintain the punctuation and

capitalization that is used by the journal in its

title.

For example: ReCALL not RECALL or

Knowledge Management Research

& Practice not Knowledge Management Research and

Practice.

Capitalize all major words in

journal titles.

When referring to books,

chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter

of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a

colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize

the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound

word.

Italicize titles of longer

works such as books and journals.

Do not italicize, underline, or

put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal

articles or essays in edited collections.

Basic Format for

Books

Author, A.

A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for

subtitle. Location:

Publisher.

Note:

For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using

the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York,

NY).

Calfee, R.

C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal

publication.

Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Article in Journal

Paginated by Volume

Journals that are paginated

by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering

issue two where issue one ended, etc.

Harlow, H.

F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal

articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological

Psychology, 55,

893-896.

Article From an Online

Periodical

Online articles follow the

same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the

online host makes available, including an issue number in

parentheses.

Author, A.

A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of

article. Title of Online Periodical, volume

number(issue number

if available). Retrieved from

http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Bernstein,

M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web.

A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites,

149. Retrieved from

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Abstract

If you only cite an abstract

but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online

abstract as any other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after

the article or source name. However, if the full text is not

available, you may use an abstract that is available through an

abstracts database as a secondary source.

Paterson,

P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope

in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract].

British Journal of Learning Disabilities,

36(1),

54-58.

Electronic

Books

De Huff, E.

W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian

tales. Retrieved

from

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

Chapter/Section of a Web

Document or Online Book Chapter

Author, A.

A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.

In Title of book or larger document

(chapter or section number).

Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL

Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server version 1.3

documentation (Apache modules). Retrieved from

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html