The beginnings of information graphics in Hungary can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century, with the most prominent examples closely associated with three major public works. Here they are presented in chronological order:

吨他开端在匈牙利信息图形可追溯至19世纪中叶，与三大公共工程密切相关的最突出的例子。 在这里，它们按时间顺序显示：

1. The regulation and engineering works of the rivers Danube and Tisza from the 1830s1830年代以来的多瑙河和Tisza河的管制和工程工作
2. The foundation of the Central Statistical Office and the first independent Census in 1870中央统计局的成立和1870年的第一次独立人口普查
3. The millennial celebrations of the thousand-year-old Hungary in 18961896年的千年历史的匈牙利庆祝活动

In some form or other, all three contributed to the emergence of the Hungarian nation during the 19th century, but on the long road of “surveying the country,” which at first was a righteous and relevant scientific requirement, they later became servants of non-scientific aims. Statistical graphs and thematic maps were often used to justify and verify the superiority of the Hungarian nation in the Carpathian basin after 1900. The results cast long shadows in the first half of the 20th century, culminating in the Trianon tragedy and the revisionist movements after 1920.

这三种形式都以某种形式对19世纪匈牙利民族的崛起做出了贡献，但是在漫长的“对国家进行调查”的道路上，起初这是正义和相关的科学要求，后来他们成为了非匈牙利国家的仆人。 -科学的目标。 经常使用统计图和专题图来证明和核实1900年后匈牙利在喀尔巴阡盆地的优越性。结果在20世纪上半叶蒙上了阴影，最终在特里亚农惨案和1920年后的修正主义运动中达到顶峰。

For a widespread use of graphs, it is necessary that the public has a common knowledge about what a graph, chart, or diagram is, and it’s essential to have a certain level of professionalism and experts who can draw them. In the first chapter, I briefly introduce how things developed in the 19th century.

为了广泛使用图形，公众必须了解图形，图表或图形的含义，并且拥有一定水平的专业知识和专家可以绘图非常重要。 在第一章中，我简要介绍了19世纪事物的发展。

阿布拉，图解，涂鸦 (Ábra, diagram, grafikon)

The first Hungarian reference to graphic presentation of statistics is from the book A statisztika elmélete (The Theory of Statistics) by János Zima from 1844. Zima used “image system” to describe graphic presentation “which shows the existing relations with drawings and colors” (p. 28–29.) (1). Let us look at the first occurrences of the Hungarian word ábra, and two adopted words: diagram and the grafikon, in graphic context (we don’t use the word carte or chart), because they can give us an idea of when they became common knowledge. The Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Hungarian Language says that the noun ábra (shape, form, schematic representation) has slavic origins from the word obraz (face, picture, shape), but as a verb ábráz was used dating back to the medieval times. According to the Dictionary the noun ábra, as schematic representation, was first used in 1787 in the Hungarian language. The compound grafikus ábrázolás (as tableau graphique) were used first in 1874 (in Budapesti Szemle vol. 7–8, p. 425).

匈牙利人第一次提到统计图形表示法是从1844年由JánosZima所著的《统计理论》一书中得出的。Zima使用“图像系统”来描述图形表示法“它显示了与图纸和颜色的现有关系”(第28–29页。)(1)。 让我们看一下匈牙利语ábra的第一个出现，以及两个采用的单词： 图形和图形，在图形上下文中(我们不使用carte或chart)，因为它们可以使我们了解它们何时成为常识。 匈牙利语言的《历史词源词典》说，名词ábra (形状，形式，示意图)源自斯拉夫语，起源于obraz (面Kong，图片，形状)一词，但作为动词ábráz可以追溯到中世纪。 根据字典 ，名词ábra作为示意图表示，最早于1787年以匈牙利语使用。 复合grafikusábrázolás(作为制图法 )于1874年首次使用(在Budapesti Szemle第7-8卷，第425页)。

For newly introduced words of foreign origin, the dictionary is not trustworthy. Both diagram and grafikon (as graph, chart, diagram) were often used decades before their first appearance in the dictionary. The newspaper Budapesti Hírlap first wrote down the word diagram with the meaning of schematic drawing on March 3, 1853, in the translation of the short story “Legend of Prince Ahmed al Kamel, or the Pilgrim of Love” by American novelist and diplomat Washington Irving. Finally, the word grafikon’s (archaic: graphikon, graphicon) first appears in 1880 (Központi Értesítő vol. 5 №7 p. 28.). Interestingly, the Pallas Nagy Lexikona (Pallas Great Lexicon, 1894) explains the word grafikon with a specific meaning that is used only for railway timetables that show a Marey-like graphic for illustration. The next entry of the lexicon is about grafikus statisztikai ábrák (graphic statistic diagrams).

对于新引入的外来单词，该词典不可信。 图表和grafikon(作为图表，图表，图表)在它们首次出现在字典中之前已被使用了数十年。 布达佩斯·希拉普报纸于1853年3月3日在美国小说家兼外交家华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving)的短篇小说《艾哈迈德·阿尔·卡迈勒王子的传奇，或爱的朝圣者》的译本中首次写下了示意图的意思。 。 最后，grafikon's(古语：graphikon，graphicon)一词在1880年首次出现(KözpontiÉrtesítővol。5№7p。28.)。 有趣的是，Pallas Nagy Lexikona(Pallas Great Lexicon，1894年)解释了grafikon一词，具有特定的含义，该词仅用于铁路时间表，该时间表显示的是类似于Marey的图形。 词典的下一个条目是关于grafikus statisztikaiábrák(图形统计图)的。

The other necessary aspect to assess the state of information graphics in Hungary in the 19th century is a look at professional practitioners. The methods, the problems, the value and the standardization of graphic presentation were largely discussed at the meetings of the International Statistical Congress in the second half of the 19th century. The internationally acknowledged Hungarian statistics took large part in the professional discussions, and knew the best examples of graphic presentation (2). Even so we don’t have a lot information about professional discussions and disputes on graphic presentation in Hungary. Practitioners of the 19th century have rarely written about their profession, or about the value of graphics for understanding, demonstration, argumentation, and education. What we know is that the Hungarian Academy of Sciences translated the Die Gesetzmäßigkeit im Gesellschaftsleben (1877) by the German statistician Georg von Mayr in 1881 which had a detailed chapter on graphic methods (Hungarian version is available digitized here), and the Central Statistical Office had copies from the original German book. We also know that there was at least one copy of Étienne-Jules Marey’s La méthode graphique dans les sciences expérimentales et principalment en physiologie et en médecine from 1878, and is still available in Hungary.

评估19世纪匈牙利信息图形状况的另一个必要方面是看专业从业人员。 在19世纪下半叶举行的国际统计大会会议上，对图形表示的方法，问题，价值和标准化进行了广泛讨论。 国际公认的匈牙利统计资料在专业讨论中占了很大比例，并且知道图形表示的最好例子(2)。 即使这样，我们在匈牙利也没有太多有关图形演示的专业讨论和争议的信息。 19世纪的从业者很少写关于他们的专业，或者关于图形对于理解，示范，论证和教育的价值的文章。 我们知道的是，匈牙利科学院于1881年翻译了德国统计学家Georg von Mayr 撰写的DieGesetzmäßigkeitim Gesellschaftsleben (1877年)，其中详细介绍了图形方法(匈牙利语版本可在此处数字化)。有原始德国书籍的副本。 我们还知道，至少有一份埃蒂安·朱尔斯· 马里 (Étienne- JulesMarey)的《生理学和医学杂志》的LaméthodeGraphics dans les Sciencessexpérimentaleset limementine fromméciologieet enmédecine的一本，现在在匈牙利仍然可以买到 。

After this short summary on the use of some general terms related to graphic presentation and some remarks on the level of professionalization of practice in the 19th century, I will proceed to describing the threefold beginnings.

在简短概述了有关图形表示的一些通用术语的使用以及对19世纪实践专业化水平的一些评论之后，我将继续描述三个起点。

1830年代以来对多瑙河和蒂萨河的管制 (The regulation of the rivers Danube and Tisza from the 1830s)

The irregularity and the floods of the rivers Danube and Tisza caused some of the most horrible tragedies in Hungary in the 19th century, killing hundreds of people and destroying 10,000s of homes. The result of the “Great Flood of Pest” in March 1838 was that around 60,000 people lost their homes. The flood of Szeged in 1879 razed to the ground the entire medieval and post-medieval downtown, and in the next few years a completely new city was built. Both dramatic events are part of the national memory and are commemorated in movies, novels, poems, and on statues and plaques all around the two cities.

多瑙河和蒂萨河的不规则状况和洪水造成了19世纪匈牙利最可怕的悲剧，造成数百人丧生，并摧毁了10,000户房屋。 1838年3月的“虫害大洪水”导致大约60,000人失去了家园。 1879年的塞格德(Szeged)洪水将整个中世纪和中世纪后的市中心夷为平地，在接下来的几年中，建造了一个全新的城市。 两次戏剧性事件都是国家记忆的一部分，并在两个城市周围的电影，小说，诗歌以及雕像和匾匾中予以纪念。

The first graphs in Hungary—except functional algebraic and geometrical visualizations—were the result of systematic observations of water and ice levels. The first that I know of is a time-series line graph showing daily water levels in Pozsony (in that time Pressburg in German, now Bratislava, Slovakia) from 1841. The 63 x 49cm chart was ordered by the Resident Committee, the author was Emil Ledemann, and the craftsman was Anton Rothbauer. Rothbauer also drew some beautiful hydrological maps on river flows, floodplains and dikes.

匈牙利的第一张图表-除功能代数和几何可视化之外-是系统观测水和冰水平的结果。 我所知道的第一个时间序列线图显示了Possony(当时是德意志的Pressburg，现在是斯洛伐克的布拉迪斯拉发，斯洛伐克)的每日水位。1841年。居民委员会订购了63 x 49cm的图表，作者是Emil Ledemann，工匠是Anton Rothbauer。 罗斯鲍尔(Rothbauer)还在河流，洪泛区和堤防上绘制了一些精美的水文地图。

Hungarian archives may be found in the National Archives, the National Széchenyi Library, the Budapest City Archives or the Institute and Museum of Military History. They have a large number of situation plans, survey maps, water- and ice-level graphs from the beginning of the 1810s (the earliest are situation plans, cross-section drawings of river courses and dikes) to the end of 19th century.

匈牙利的档案可以在国家档案馆，国家塞切尼国家图书馆，布达佩斯市档案馆或军事历史研究所和博物馆中找到。 从1810年代初(最早的是状况图，河道和堤防的横截面图)到19世纪末，他们拥有大量的状况图，勘测图，水位和冰位图。

The visualization below by engineer Dániel Sperlágh shows both the daily ice- and water-level at the Danube, near the Hungarian town Paks, from November 1859 to March 1860. On the enlarged detail, we can see that gauging occurred twice a day. Yet what is really interesting is that Sperlágh wanted to show the position of the observed ice-tables in the section of the Danube and did so by annotating the left and the right bank (Linkes Ufer, Rechtes Ufer) and the gravity the tables were congested by coloring them.

工程师DánielSperlágh在下面的图表中显示了1859年11月至1860年3月匈牙利小镇帕克斯附近多瑙河的每日冰面和水位。在放大的细节上，我们可以看到每天两次测量。 然而，真正有趣的是，斯佩拉(Sperlágh)想要显示观察到的冰台在多瑙河剖面中的位置，并通过注释左岸和右岸(Links Ufer，Rechtes Ufer)以及桌子的重力来做到这一点。给它们上色

Maps of the river Tisza, created by engineer Arthur Sziberth, show the drift of the river before and after the regulation on different transparent layers. In the map below, we can see the non-colored dead channels, i.e., the drift before the regulation in purple, and the actual flow in blue. Sziberth also annotated the points where the old drift was cut across or deflected.

由工程师Arthur Sziberth创建的Tisza河地图显示了在不同透明层进行调节之前和之后的河流漂移。 在下面的地图中，我们可以看到未着色的死通道，即调节前的漂移为紫色，而实际流量为蓝色。 Sziberth还注释了旧漂移被切开或偏转的点。

Szibert also attached to the map series standardized views of floodplains to show their extent.

Szibert还附加在地图系列上的洪泛区标准化视图以显示其范围。

The fact that most of the graphs treasured in archives and museums from the 19th century are water- and ice-level graphs, reflects the enormous problem rivers caused in everyday life. The regulation required systematic surveys and observations based on rigorous data collection, and the works lasted until the first decade of the 20th century.

19世纪档案馆和博物馆中珍藏的大多数图表都是水位和冰位图，这一事实反映了日常生活中引起的巨大河流问题。 该法规要求在严格的数据收集基础上进行系统的调查和观察，其工作一直持续到20世纪前十年。

1870年第一次独立人口普查 (The first independent Census of 1870)

The first census (conscriptio) was ordered by emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Joseph II. in 1784. It was based on the Austrian principles initiated by empress Maria Theresa in 1777 and it was completed between 1784 and 1787. The Monarchy later held some other micro-census during the 19th century, but as the demand for an independent Hungarian statistical office grew (it was on agenda from 1848 onwards), it was clear that the census also should be organized independently from the court in Vienna.

第一次普查(应征者)是由奥匈帝国君主约瑟夫二世下令进行的。 1784年。它基于玛丽亚·特蕾莎皇后1777年提出的奥地利原则，并于1784年至1787年完成。君主制后来在19世纪进行了其他一些微观普查，但由于匈牙利需要独立的统计局人口增长(从1848年开始列入议程)，很明显，普查也应独立于维也纳法院而组织。

In 1860, the Statistical Committee was set up under the supervision of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, later in 1867 the Statistical Office was launched as a department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade. The preparation works of the first census started in 1869, and when the census was successfully accomplished in 1870, it eventually led to the creation of the independent and autonomous Central Statistical Office (originally: National Hungarian Royal Statistical Office) with the leadership of statistician Károly Keleti.

1860年，在匈牙利科学院的监督下成立了统计委员会。1867年晚些时候，统计局作为农业，工业和贸易部的一个部门成立。 第一次人口普查的准备工作始于1869年，当人口普查于1870年成功完成时，最终导致了由统计学家Károly领导的独立和自治的中央统计局(原为匈牙利国家皇家统计局)的成立。 Keleti。

The official publication of the census, the Results of the Census Executed in the beginning of the year 1870 in the countries of the Hungarian Crown did not contain any graphics or maps, only tables. While the available data increased significantly, the number of created graphics, time-series charts, and comparative diagrams grew slowly nationwide. Károly Keleti’s book on the census, Hazánk és Népe (Our Country and Our Nation) from 1871 had only 12 choropleth maps on ethnics, religions, education, agriculture etc. Other authors filled their thousands pages books with tables and textual explanations. Only the Budapest Statistical Office, led by József Kőrösy (sometimes Körössi), which operated separately from the Central Statistical Office, published charts focusing only on the capital city.

人口普查的正式出版物，即1870年初在匈牙利王室国家执行的人口普查结果，没有任何图形或地图，仅包含表格。 尽管可用数据显着增加，但是全国范围内创建的图形，时间序列图和比较图的数量增长缓慢。 卡洛里·凯莱蒂( KárolyKeleti)关于人口普查的书《国家和我们的国家》( HazánkésNépe) (1871年以来)只有12张关于种族，宗教，教育，农业等的人字地图。其他作者用表格和文字解释填充了数千本著作。 只有由约瑟夫·科罗斯(JózsefKőrösy)(有时是科罗西)领导的布达佩斯统计局(与中央统计局分开运作)才发布仅关注首都的图表。

In the next couple of years, the Budapest Statistical Office started publishing graphs in its Bulletin, but still quite rarely.

在接下来的几年中，布达佩斯统计局开始在其公报中发布图表，但仍然很少。

Although the offices and the state bureaus had enough data for exploring them visually, we can’t say that graphs, charts and thematic maps were widely used by statisticians or other professionals. The significance of the first census was that it was the first systematic nationwide survey and data collection about the country in the series of census in every ten years.

尽管办公室和国家局拥有足够的数据以可视方式进行浏览，但我们不能说图表，图表和专题图已被统计学家或其他专业人员广泛使用。 第一次普查的意义在于，这是每十年一次的普查中有关该国的第一次系统的全国性调查和数据收集。

After the second census of 1881, the number of charts grew remarkably, but only after the census of 1891 it became common to publish the results in short reports using graphics.

在1881年第二次人口普查之后，海图数量显着增长，但是仅在1891年的人口普查之后，才开始使用图形在简短报告中发布结果。

1896年的匈牙利庆祝活动 (The celebrations of the thousand-year-old Hungary in 1896)

Hungary celebrated its 1,000th anniversary in 1896, and the whole country was waiting for the state celebrations, exhibitions and even for the construction of some representative new buildings to be completed on time. The largest exhibition was held in the Városliget (City Park) with dozens of buildings and pavilions promoting Hungary’s historical, economic and cultural greatness.

匈牙利于1896年庆祝成立1000周年，整个国家都在等待国家的庆祝活动，展览以及甚至一些按时竣工的代表性新建筑的建造。 最大的展览在瓦罗斯利格(城市公园)举行，其中有数十座建筑物和凉亭，以宣传匈牙利的历史，经济和文化气息。

The economist, lawyer and politician Sándor Matlekovits was commissioned for compiling and editing the articles about every aspect of Hungary in a historical-comparative perspective. The colossal nine volumes and nearly 10,000 pages, The Economic and Cultural Status of Hungary in the Millennium and the Outcome of the Millennium Exhibition of 1896 (3), was published in 1897–98. The budget of the series was also colossal, because it had to be worthy to the occassion. Last but not least, the reason why I’ve chosen these tomes is that this enormous, representative book series should give the highest and most up-to-date quality of authors, texts, images, maps and graphs. They should tell us something about knowledge, talent, taste, creativity and progress with the highest international standards. Some might find the result rather disappointing for a representative work about greatness and wealth. Hereby, I focus only on information graphics and charts, and I find them quite fair, although there are just a couple of them in the nine volumes.

委托经济学家，律师和政治家桑多·马特尔科维茨(SándorMatlekovits)从历史比较的角度编辑和编辑有关匈牙利各个方面的文章。 共九册，近10,000页， 《匈牙利在千年中的经济和文化地位以及1896年千年展览的成果》 (3)， 出版于1897–98年。 该系列的预算也是巨大的，因为它必须适合这种场合。 最后但并非最不重要的一点是，我之所以选择这些书集，是因为这本具有代表性的庞大图书系列应该提供最高，最新的作者，文本，图像，地图和图表质量。 他们应该告诉我们有关知识，才能，品味，创造力和国际最高标准的进步的信息。 有些人可能会感到结果令人失望，这是关于伟大和财富的代表作品。 在此，我只关注信息图形和图表，尽管九册中只有其中几本，但我发现它们相当合理。

Out of them I find very interesting those which illustrate the article “Sugar industry” (volume 8. p. 102–232) by economist and officer Endre Bossányi. Not because they are good, but because they are unconventional—they weren’t commonly used that time: 3D proportional cubes, sunbursts (or multilevel pie charts) and randomly sorted proportional squares. I don’t know if Bossányi drew them or someone else contracted by Matlekovits or by the printing house.

在这些书中，我发现非常有意思的那些书，它们阐明了经济学家兼官员EndreBossányi的“制糖业”(第8卷，第102–232页)。 不是因为它们是好的，而是因为它们是非常规的-那时它们并不常用：3D比例立方体，旭日形(或多层饼图)和随机排序的比例正方形。 我不知道Bossányi是吸引他们还是Matlekovits或印刷厂签约的其他人。

The following two (4) pieces are from the next article in the volume (p. 254–324). It was written by economist and politician Konrád Burchard-Bélaváry and it’s about the mill industry. I’ve choose them because of their fresh, vivid colors.

以下两(4)件来自该卷的下一篇文章(p。254-324)。 它是由经济学家和政治家KonrádBurchard-Bélaváry撰写的，涉及的是造纸工业。 我选择它们是因为它们的颜色鲜艳生动。

The visualizations associated with the millennial celebrations signaled the end of the 19th century. For highlighting the difficult transition to the 20th century, I chose two maps to show how national pride, widely common in Europe at the time, slowly transformed into ethno-chauivinism.

与千禧年庆祝活动相关的可视化标志着19世纪末。 为了突出说明向20世纪的艰难过渡，我选择了两张地图，以展示当时在欧洲普遍存在的民族自豪感如何慢慢转变为民族沙文主义。

沙文主义情绪日益高涨的后果 (The consequences of the growing chauvinist heat)

The last visualization that I show in this article serve two purposes. On the one hand, it might be the first equal area/tile/mosaic map in the world, and the method the authors used is yet to be investigated. On the other hand, these two maps mark the end of the liberal-national ambitions of Hungary in the 19th century and open the path toward a pure propagandistic use of visualizations and maps (5). No matter one’s feelings toward the ideology they serve, the two maps are methodologically and aesthetically amazing. As the statistician and journalist Pál Balogh wrote in the book A népfajok Magyarországon (The ethnic races of Hungary, 1902) about their work:

我在本文中展示的最后一个可视化有两个目的。 一方面，它可能是世界上第一个等面积/平铺/马赛克地图 ，作者使用的方法尚待研究。 另一方面，这两张地图标志着19世纪匈牙利的自由民族主义野心的终结，并为通向纯粹使用可视化和地图的宣传开辟了道路(5)。 无论人们对所服务意识形态的感觉如何，这两张地图在方法论和美学上都是惊人的。 正如统计学家和记者帕尔·巴洛格( PálBalogh )在AnépfajokMagyarországon (1902年，匈牙利的种族)一书中所写的那样：

“Despite our ill fortune historical past, and despite our difficulties in the present, we demonstrated that the Hungarian race is not just able to fulfill its leading role, but the Hungarian race is the only one which can practice hegemony over the other nations.” The ethnic races of Hungary, 1902, p. 1106

“尽管我们过去的命运不佳，尽管目前我们遇到了困难，但我们证明匈牙利人不仅能够发挥领导作用，而且匈牙利人是唯一可以在其他国家实行霸权的人。” 匈牙利的种族，1902年，第1页。 1106

The book and the maps as an appendix were published by the Ministry of Religion and Education.

该书和地图作为附录由宗教和教育部出版。

The book about the theory, the methodology and explanations was written by Pál Balogh, the maps were designed by the baron Sándor Kocsárd. Balogh does not explain why they used this graphic method, or where they saw a similar method before, if they did.

关于理论，方法论和解释的书由帕洛·巴洛格(PálBalogh)撰写，地图由男爵桑多·科恰德(SándorKocsárd)设计。 Balogh没有解释他们为什么使用这种图形方法，或者他们以前在哪里看到过类似的方法。

The method displays calculated proportions of ethnicities and religions of the census of 1891 for every town in every district. One district is represented in a 10x10 square equally. One unit within a square is equal to 1 percent proportion. With the coloring they also could show the positional density of the ethnicities within a square.

该方法显示每个区域中每个城镇的1891年人口普查中所计算的种族和宗教比例。 一个区域平均以10x10正方形表示。 一个平方内的一个单位等于1％的比例。 通过着色，它们还可以显示正方形内种族的位置密度。

The fact that the words for information graphics were already commonly used by the general press in the 1880s, and two seminal handbooks on graphic methods were available for professionals (6), gives the impression that Hungary also lived in the “golden age of statistical graphics” (Michael Friendly).

信息图形这个词已经在1880年代被普通媒体普遍使用，并且有两本关于图形方法的开创性手册可供专业人员使用(6)，这给人的印象是匈牙利也生活在“统计图形的黄金时代” ”(Michael Friendly)。

The truth is that information graphics were considerably rare in Hungary in the 19th century, and high quality, memorable visualizations were really sporadic in the publications. Naturally, most of the examples I show don’t represent the ordinary and typical graphics of the era. I also have to admit that I don’t know yet what can lurk in the dust on storage shelves of many Hungarian archives. It’s possible that in the future new gems will come to light. Consider this article as the first attempt at discovery and exploration, which was never done before in Hungary.

事实是，信息图形在19世纪的匈牙利相当稀少，出版物中高质量的，令人难忘的可视化确实是零星的。 自然，我展示的大多数示例并不代表该时代的普通图形。 我还必须承认，我不知道许多匈牙利档案馆的储物架上的灰尘会藏着什么。 将来可能会出现新的宝石。 将本文视为发现和探索的首次尝试，在匈牙利从未有过。

Research of historical visualizations got a new impulse in the past few years resulting in a series of monographs, journal papers and informative articles. I hope this piece contributes to the international study of information graphics with up until now unknown and interesting Hungarian examples.

在过去的几年中，历史可视化的研究有了新的动力，产生了一系列专着，期刊论文和内容丰富的文章。 我希望这篇文章能为国际上有关信息图形的研究做出贡献，并提供迄今为止未知和有趣的匈牙利示例。

Most of the originals are available digitized on the Hungaricana (the central site of the Hungarian archives) and the Arcanum.

大多数原件都可以在Hungaricana (匈牙利档案馆的中央站点)和Arcanum上进行数字化处理。

1. János Zima also knew William Playfair’s Statistical Breviary (1801). He put in the list of references. A statisztika elmélete. Pozsony, 1844, p. 36.

   贾诺斯· 兹马 (JánosZima)还知道威廉·普莱费尔(William Playfair)的《 统计统计》 ( Statistical Briviary ，1801年)。 他把参考文献列入清单。 一个statisztikaelmélete 。 Possony，1844年，第1页。 36。

2. About the international discussions and disputes on graphic methods in the 19th Century see István Klinghammer: “Statisztikai térképek-térképes statisztikák…” (“Statistical Maps-Mapped Statistics”). In Geodézia és Kartográfia (Geodesy and Cartography) Vol. VLIII. №10. pp. 37–44.

   关于19世纪有关图形方法的国际讨论和争议，请参见IstvánKlinghammer：“ Statisztikaitérképek-térképesstatisztikák…”(“统计地图映射统计”)。 在GeodéziaésKartográfia ( 大地测量学和制图学 )卷。 VLIII。 №10。 pp。37–44。

3. Art historian Emese Révész drew my attention to the book.艺术史学家EmeseRévész引起了我的注意。
4. The reader might wonder why I don’t show more thematic maps in this article, if ethnic, and other thematic maps showing statistics with mostly point and choropleth method were widespread in the last quarter of the 19th century. The reason is that the history of Hungarian cartography is well researched and elaborated.读者可能会想，如果在19世纪后半叶广泛使用族裔和其他以点数和步幅法为主要统计数据的专题图，为什么我不在本文中显示更多专题图。 原因是对匈牙利制图学的历史进行了充分的研究和阐述。

5. On the use of cartography and maps for propagandistic purposes in Hungary see: Zoltán Krasznai: Földrajztudomány, oktatás és propaganda. A nemzeti terület reprezentációja a két világháború közötti Magyarországon (Geography, education and propaganda: the representation of the national territory between the two world wars). Pécs: Publikon, 2011 and Dániel Segyevy: Térképművek Trianon árnyékában. Magyarország etnikai térképe. (Maps in the shadow of Trianon. The ethnic map of Hungary). Budapest: KSH, 2016.

   有关在匈牙利将地图和地图用于宣传目的的信息，请参见：ZoltánKrasznai： Földrajztudomány，俄克拉荷马州的宣传。 NemzetiterületreprezentációjakétvilágháborúközöttiMagyarországon(地理，教育和宣传：两次世界大战之间国家领土的代表) 。 佩奇：Publikon，2011年；丹尼尔·塞吉维(DánielSegyevy)： 特尔科普·维克·特里亚农·阿尔尼卡班。 Magyarországetnikaitérképe。 (在特里亚农(Trianon)附近的地图。匈牙利的种族地图)。 布达佩斯：KSH，2016。

6. To understand the importance of having up-to-date handbooks on methodology, consider that the next handbook was published 70 years later in Hungary (1951). Moreover, György Rejtő’s handbook is rather a brief booklet than a book.要了解拥有最新方法学手册的重要性，请考虑下一本手册是70年后在匈牙利出版的(1951)。 此外，GyörgyRejtő的手册是一本简短的小册子，而不是一本书。