➤ 01三极管电流放大倍数

三极管的电流放大倍数hFEh_{FE}hFE（有的时候计做：β\betaβ）是三极管的集电极电流ICI_CIC除以基极电流IbI_bIb。hFE=IcIbh_{FE} = {{I_c } \over {I_b }}hFE=IbIc

这个参数随着三极管的工作状态（IC,VceI_C ,V_{ce}IC,Vce）不同，会发生变化。比如在下图显示NPN三极管8050的hFE-IC之间的关系，可以看到随着Ic变化，hFE变化关系。特别是当电流超过100mA之后，对应的hFE下降的厉害了。

^{▲ 8050参数特性}

下面通过实验来验证这方面的关系。

➤ 02实验过程

1.测量方案

测量电路如下所示。通过可调电压源改变T1的基极电流，来测量不同Ic下T1的hFE的数值。

^{▲ 测量电路}

根据测量电路，可以知道：
Ic=U2R2,Ib=U1R1,hFE=IcIbI_c = {{U_2 } \over {R_2 }},\,\,\,I_b = {{U_1 } \over {R_1 }},\,\,h_{FE} = {{I_c } \over {I_b }}Ic=R2U2,Ib=R1U1,hFE=IbIc

其中：R2=100,R1=360×103R_2 = 100,\,\,\,R_1 = 360 \times 10^3R2=100,R1=360×103
所以：
hFE=U2U2×3600h_{FE} = {{U_2 } \over {U_2 }} \times 3600hFE=U2U2×3600

2.测量数据

^{▲ 极电流Ic与hFE}

u1=[0.0026,0.0049,0.0054,0.0057,0.0050,0.0047,0.0050,0.0069,0.0086,0.0172,0.0369,0.0650,0.0988,0.1375,0.1785,0.2221,0.2642,0.3098,0.3548,0.4012,0.4468,0.4928,0.5395,0.5872,0.6340,0.6814,0.7287,0.7774,0.8249,0.8730,0.9209,0.9703,0.9804,1.0679,1.1158,1.1655,1.2139,1.2629,1.3115,1.3616,1.4102,1.4593,1.5081,1.5585,1.6073,1.6565,1.7057,1.7562,1.8053,1.8548,1.9040,1.9544,2.0038,2.0546,2.1028,2.1535,2.2030,2.2536,2.3029,2.3527,2.4022,2.4527,2.5022,2.5521,2.6014,2.6522,2.7017,2.7517,2.8012,2.8520,2.9015,2.9515,3.0010,3.0518,3.1014,3.1515,3.2009,3.2520,3.3015,3.3517,3.4013,3.4522,3.5018,3.5517,3.6014,3.6525,3.7023,3.7524,3.8021,3.8529,3.9027,3.9542,4.0025,4.0536,4.1034,4.1545,4.2045,4.2545,4.3042,4.3552]
u2=[-0.0003,-0.0004,-0.0004,-0.0003,-0.0003,-0.0004,-0.0003,-0.0003,-0.0001,0.0008,0.0026,0.0051,0.0083,0.0121,0.0159,0.0201,0.0241,0.0284,0.0325,0.0371,0.0415,0.0461,0.0503,0.0549,0.0593,0.0639,0.0684,0.0730,0.0775,0.0822,0.0867,0.0913,0.0967,0.1008,0.1054,0.1103,0.1146,0.1194,0.1242,0.1289,0.1338,0.1385,0.1432,0.1483,0.1529,0.1578,0.1626,0.1671,0.1722,0.1768,0.1815,0.1864,0.1910,0.1959,0.2000,0.2058,0.2105,0.2157,0.2203,0.2251,0.2298,0.2346,0.2394,0.2443,0.2490,0.2541,0.2588,0.2638,0.2687,0.2736,0.2785,0.2833,0.2879,0.2930,0.2977,0.3026,0.3076,0.3128,0.3175,0.3223,0.3270,0.3320,0.3368,0.3416,0.3465,0.3515,0.3565,0.3614,0.3661,0.3711,0.3759,0.3810,0.3858,0.3907,0.3956,0.4005,0.4056,0.4105,0.4153,0.4204]
hfe=[-417.9567,-291.4390,-266.2230,-188.5475,-216.5631,-307.6923,-215.3969,-157.4115,-41.8361,167.7637,253.4525,282.5441,302.3221,316.8922,320.6004,325.8139,328.4124,329.9768,329.7447,332.9013,334.3553,336.7490,335.6192,336.5976,336.7458,337.6189,337.9308,338.0586,338.2105,338.9613,338.9440,338.7336,355.0796,339.8071,340.0609,340.6950,339.8633,340.3595,340.9226,340.8049,341.5686,341.6707,341.8341,342.5602,342.4625,342.9399,343.1788,342.5350,343.3889,343.1529,343.1723,343.3483,343.1480,343.2493,342.4006,344.0353,343.9855,344.5687,344.3832,344.4383,344.3843,344.3389,344.4329,344.6103,344.5837,344.9061,344.8495,345.1248,345.3234,345.3576,345.5454,345.5463,345.3649,345.6321,345.5601,345.6640,345.9527,346.2731,346.2063,346.1766,346.1030,346.2140,346.2448,346.2455,346.3653,346.4476,346.6494,346.7221,346.6400,346.7414,346.7446,346.8717,347.0031,346.9805,347.0683,347.0454,347.2851,347.3499,347.3537,347.5018]
ic=[-0.0030,-0.0040,-0.0040,-0.0030,-0.0030,-0.0040,-0.0030,-0.0030,-0.0010,0.0080,0.0260,0.0510,0.0830,0.1210,0.1590,0.2010,0.2410,0.2840,0.3250,0.3710,0.4150,0.4610,0.5030,0.5490,0.5930,0.6390,0.6840,0.7300,0.7750,0.8220,0.8670,0.9130,0.9670,1.0080,1.0540,1.1030,1.1460,1.1940,1.2420,1.2890,1.3380,1.3850,1.4320,1.4830,1.5290,1.5780,1.6260,1.6710,1.7220,1.7680,1.8150,1.8640,1.9100,1.9590,2.0000,2.0580,2.1050,2.1570,2.2030,2.2510,2.2980,2.3460,2.3940,2.4430,2.4900,2.5410,2.5880,2.6380,2.6870,2.7360,2.7850,2.8330,2.8790,2.9300,2.9770,3.0260,3.0760,3.1280,3.1750,3.2230,3.2700,3.3200,3.3680,3.4160,3.4650,3.5150,3.5650,3.6140,3.6610,3.7110,3.7590,3.8100,3.8580,3.9070,3.9560,4.0050,4.0560,4.1050,4.1530,4.2040]

➤ 03分析

通过测量NPN-8050三极管的电流放大倍数随着Ic的变化关系，大体上可以看到它的数值在Ic比较小的是（小于0.1mA)hFE下降比较快。当Ic大于0.5mA之后，hFE则保持比较均匀的特性。

延伸讨论：

为什么hFE会随着Ic的变化而发生上述的变化，其内部的半导体原理是什么呢？

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