微型客车设计英文资料翻译

英文资料翻译

Motor car chassis new technology application

1.Automobile braking system technology application

Along with the mechanical and electrical technical development, the electronic technology also infiltrated the braking system. Appeared has been called "Electron braking system" the new technology, already applied on the intermediate and senior passenger vehicle. Is different with the traditional automobile braking system, the electron braking system has substituted the partial mechanical parts by the electronic component, is a integration of machinery system. At the same time, the hydraulic pressure production and the transfer mode are dissimilar. In traditional braking system, pilot through brake master cylinder adjustment, in wheel cylinder establishment brake pressure, but electron braking system then is provides the brake pressure through fluid strength a air-save bottle, but stores the pressure is produces by the electrically operated piston pump, may provide the hydraulic pressure which continuously applies the brake many times. The electron applies the brake control system generally by sensor, ECU (Electronic control unit)With execution(Hydraulic control unit)Constitution. The brake pedal and between the wheel brake power transmission is the separation, in applies the brake in the process, braking force by ECU with execution control.

When the automobile is being easy the moist road surface or which slips when goes by in the snow and ice cover road surface, suddenly gets on the brakes on very easily the wheel hugs dies, is easy to produce sideslips the phenomenon, if the front wheel is held dies, is unable to cause the automobile extension to ask, this in the driving process is extremely dangerous, therefore in the automobile brake system which the conventional machinery controls, the pilot uses the spot to move the braking vane frequently, avoids the wheel hugging dies. In order to guarantee the automobile applies the brake the time security, will apply the brake to guard against hugs dies the installment installs on the automobile, now, in the partial vehicle types which produces in our country had the installment ABS the system, with the aid of applies the brake in the electronic control technology to guard against hugs dies the system reaction keenly, cost lower, the installment is more convenient.

1.1 Guards against hugs dies the braking system abbreviation ABS

In the last few years, as a result of the electronic technology rapid development, is ABS the development and the application have provided the good opportunity.ABS ASR (Actuation skid prevention system)Function, thus becomes the electrically controlled braking system(Abbreviation EBS).

EBS the system mainly is composed by the barometric pressure braking system and the electronic control system. The barometric pressure braking system including the brake pedal, the air drum, the barometric pressure control valve, the barometric pressure brake line and applies the brake the air chamber and so on. The electronic control system mainly includes ECU controller, each kind of sensor (Like3DStrength sensor, brake friction disk attrition sensor, corner with joint forces sensor and so on).And electronic control line and so on.

EBS ABS the function achieves the best path coefficient of adhesion use factor; But when high is applying the brake the intensity, then may exert the biggest brake pressure, thus obtains the best control braking force.

1.2 Follows the mark control system(ELECTRONIC TRACTION SYSTEM) Abbreviation ETS System.

ETS The system may coordinate ABS the system, controls separately four wheels in the biggest rotation torsion scope, carries on the precise control to each wheel rotation flowing tubing head pressure, by enhances follows the mark control. When in four wheels has a wheel the rotational speed and other three wheels is not same, ETS The system then can the automatic control this wheel brake pressure, by prevent the engine torque oversized. In moving velocity for each hour4080Between when kilometer, ETS The system can play the role. When the stop time excessively is long, ETS the system can close voluntarily by avoids getting on the brakes the heat. When vehicle speed excessively quickly, ETS The system lantern festival automatically shines, shows the driver by the police to pay attention to the control automobile speed.

1.3 Acceleration skid prevention control system (ACCELERATION SKID CONTROL) Abbreviation ASR System.

This system is in ABS in the system foundation develops, two systems have many use in common the module.ASR on system use driving gear vehicle speed sensor, when feels slips to the driving gear, controls the part then through the accelerator despinning, causes it no longer to slip, prevents because to accelerate suddenly but deviates suddenly make the wheel rotational speed sharp increase or the automobile the straight line. It may the speed has the rapid change when the start or the curve, improves the wheel and the ground adhesion, enhances its security performance. This system when any or two wheels are not controlled but slip, can automatically decrease the engine power and apply the brake the wheel which affects, therefore in the snow and ice road surface or the wet slippery road surface, has its superior characteristic.

In addition, but also can make the automobile to start in the wheel to apply the brake instantaneous, causes the engine by the smallest output torsion, the coordination to apply the brake the flowing tubing head pressure control, achieved biggest decelerates the performance.

1.4 ELECTRONIC STABILTY PROGRAM Abbreviation ESP System.

ANTI－SLIP SENSOR Coordinates the steering wheel the corner and the drive shaft rotational speed, may calculate the automobile in to fling in the tail or the out of control situation best path.ESP the system not only can best provide the automobile to follow the mark direction, moreover can guarantee the best driving stability in the travel, specially in curve sum180°.

3.Automobile suspension system new technical application

Suspension fork major effect automobile vertical vibration. The traditional automobile suspension fork is cannot be adjusted, the automobile body high change is decided in the driving by the spring distortion. Therefore has had one kind of phenomenon on the nature, when automobile idling and full load time, the automobile body ground clearance is dissimilar. Some passenger vehicles use the quite soft helical spring in particular, the full load rear spring distortion travelling schedule can quite be big, cause the automobile idling and the full load time ground clearance difference have several dozens millimeters, enable the automobile to pass the nature to come under the influence.

The automobile different travel condition has the different request to the suspension fork. When general travel needs soft suspension fork in order to comfort. When the extreme turn and applies the brake needs the hard suspension fork in order to stability, two between has the contradiction. Moreover, the automobile travel different environment to the automobile body high request also is dissimilar. The irrevocable suspension fork is unable to meet this kind of contradictory need, only can adopt the compromise the way to solve. In under the electronic technology development impetus, engineer designs one kind to be possible the electronic control suspension fork which adjusts in the certain scope to meet this kind of need. This kind of suspension fork is called the electrically controlled suspension fork, what at present quite is common is the electrically controlled air suspension fork form.

3.1Electrically controlled air suspension fork

The shock absorber composes. The vehicles depend on the valve to control the air chamber highly directly the air to flow in flow out adjust.

Now the passenger vehicle uses the electrically controlled suspension fork introduction air suspension fork principle and the electronic control technology, two unify in together. Typical electrically controlled suspension fork by electronic control part(ECU)The air compressor, the vehicle high sensor, changes the angle sensor, the velocity generator, applies the brake composition and so on sensor, air spring part.

"Spring" Changes softly changes the hard function.

When electrically controlled suspension fork work, the valve mutual function control passes to the air spring part gas current capacity. The sensor examines the automobile the travel condition and the feedback to ECU，ECU (Reduces the ground clearance)Reduces the wind resistance by to save the energy; Highly may restore normally in the vehicle speed quite slow time automobile body.

3.2Automobile driving suspension fork

Composition and so on guidance organization, its function is weakens the road surface to bequeath the automobile body the impulse, weakens by the load bearing system vibration which the impulse but causes.

But in the driving suspension fork control link installed could have the spasm installment, used one kind to damp the strength by the strength the way to suppress the road surface leans the oblique force to the automobile body impulse and the automobile body. Because this kind of suspension fork can have the action voluntarily, therefore is called the driving suspension fork.

The driving suspension fork is the nearly several years develops, controls one kind of new suspension fork by the computer, meets three requirements:

(1) Has can produce the action power supply;

(2)ALL parts should deliver this force and work continuously.

(3) Will have the many kinds of sensors and concerns the data to concentrate carries on the operation and the decision control mode to the microcomputer.

4.Automobile transmission system new technology application

4.1Stepless speed change technology(CVT)

Stepless speed change technology(CVT, Continuously Variable Transmission).Can realize the velocity ratio continuously change, it is uses the transmission belt and the work diameter invariable host, the driven coordination transmission power. May cause the power transmission and the engine operating mode realization best match, enhances the entire vehicle the fuel oil efficiency and, improves pilot's operation and the crew member rides comfortableness.

The metal belt type variator (an infinitely variable system mainly includes the driving pulley group, the driven wheel group, the strap and the hydraulic pump and so on the basic part. Strap by two bunches of metals links and several hundred tinsels constitutions. The driving pulley group and the driven wheel group all is composed by may the shifting plate and the fixed tray, approaches a side band pulley with the cylinder to be possible to skid on the axis, another side then is fixed. But the shifting plate and the fixed tray all are the conical surface structure, their conical surface formation the die comes and the metal conveyor belt meshes. The engine output shaft outputs the power first transmits to the driving pulley, then passes the transmission belt transmits to the driven wheel, finally passes through the reduction gear, the differential device transmits for the wheel actuates the automobile. When work may the shifting plate make the end motion through the driving pulley and the driven wheel to change the driving pulley, the driven wheel conical surface and the transmission belt meshes working radius, thus change velocity ratio. But the shifting plate axial travel motion is by the driver according to needs through the control system adjustment driving pulley, the driven wheel hydraulic pump cylinder pressure to realize. Because the driving pulley and the driven wheel working radius may realize adjusts continuously, thus has realized the stepless speed change.

4.2 Electronic wheel control technology

Will actuate the system to lay aside the concept begins in on the wheel 1,982 Year. Now, the wheel actuates the technologyM4Has already had from the general layout investment actual use condition. This technology Mi Qilin company PAX the deflation guaranteed usable technology and the actuation and the control system unify, has used in the electric car and mixes on the powered vehicle.

M4The technology is an unusual flexibility system, may take two tire or four. The turn of actuation fuel cell powered vehicle, the electric car, series connected and parallel mix the powered vehicle(Bus, light card, view lathe finishing and heavy-duty truck and so on).

1.汽车制动系统技术应用

　　随着机电技术的发展，电子技术也渗进了制动系统。出现了称为"电子制动系统"的新技术，已经应用在中高级轿车上。与传统的汽车制动系统不同，电子制动系统以电子元件替代了部分机械元件，是一个机电一体化的系统。同时，液压的产生与传递方式也不一样。在传统的制动系统中，驾驶员通过制动主缸的调节，在轮缸建立制动压力，而电子制动系统则是通过液力储压罐提供制动压力，而所储压力是由电动活塞泵产生的，可以提供多次连续制动的液压。电子制动的控制系统一般由传感器、ECU(电子控制单元)与执行器(液压控制单元)等构成。制动踏板和车轮制动器之间的动力传递是分离的，在制动过程中，制动力由ECU和执行器控制。

　　当汽车在容易打滑的潮湿路面或被冰雪覆盖的路面上行驶时，突然刹车就很容易将车轮抱死，容易产生侧滑现象，如果前轮被抱死，就无法使汽车转问，这在行车过程中是非常危险的，因此在常规机械控制的汽车刹车系统中，驾驶员经常采用点动刹车板，避免车轮抱死。为了保证汽车制动时的安全，将制动防抱死装置ABS安装在汽车上，现在，在我国生产的部分车型中已有安装ABS系统的，借助于电子控制技术制动防抱死系统反应更灵敏，成本更低，安装更方便。

1.1 防抱死制动系统 简称ABS

　　近几年来，由于电子技术的迅速发展，为ABS的发展和应用提供了良好的机遇。ABS一方面朝着低成本、高可靠性方向发展；另一方面其控制器的功能得到了增强，扩大了使用范围，还扩展了ASR(驱动防滑系统)功能，从而成为电控制动系统(简称EBS)。　　

EBS系统主要由气压制动系统和电子控制系统组成。气压制动系统包括制动踏板、储气筒、气压控制阀、气压制动管路和制动气室等。电子控制系统主要包括ECU控制器、各种传感器(如3D力传感器、制动器摩擦片磨损传感器、隅合力传感器等)及电子控制线路等。

EBS系统的特点：由于使用了电子系统，减少了制动系统机械传动的滞后时间，缩短了制动距离，从而增加了交通安全性。它在低制动强度时，使制动摩擦片磨损最小；在中等制动强度时，利用ABS功能达到最佳的道路附着系数利用率；而在高制动强度时，则可以施加最大的制动压力，从而获得最佳的控制制动力。

1.2循迹控制系统(ELECTRONIC TRACTION SYSTEM)，简称ETS系统。

ETS系统可配合ABS系统，将四个车轮分别控制在最大转动扭力范围内，对每个车轮的转动油压进行精密的控制，以提高循迹控制能力。当四个车轮中有一个车轮的转速与其他三个车轮不相同时，ETS系统便会自动控制该车轮的制动压力，以防止发动机扭力过大。在行驶速度为每小时40公里－80公里之间时，ETS系统就会发挥作用。制动时间过长时，ETS系统会自行关闭以避免刹车过热。当车速过快时，ETS系统灯会自动亮起，以警示驾车者注意控制汽车速度。

1.3加速防滑控制系统(ACCELERATION SKID CONTROL)，简称ASR系统。

　　该系统是在ABS系统的基础上开发的，两系统有许多共用组件。ASR系统利用驱动轮上的车速传感器，当感受到驱动轮打滑时，控制元件便通过油门降低转速，使之不再打滑，防止因急剧加速而令车轮转速剧增或汽车突然偏离直线。它可以在起步或弯道中速度发生急剧变化时，改善车轮与地面的附着力，提高其安全性能。该系统当任何一个或两个车轮均不受控制而打滑，会自动减低发动机马力并制动受影响的车轮，因此在冰雪路面或湿滑路面上，有其优越的特点。

此外，还能使汽车在车轮开始制动的瞬间，使发动机以最小的输出扭力，配合制动油压的控制，来达到最大的减速性能。

1.4电脑控制行驶平稳系统(ELECTRONIC STABILTY PROGRAM)，简称ESP系统。

ESP系统的主要功能已包括ABS、ETS和ASR等系统的普遍功能，在制动和加速时增强车轮的地面附着力及稳定性。它将每个车轮的制动油压进行非常精确的控制，以减少发动机扭力的损失。该系统还可以再加上防滑传感器(ANTI－SLIP SENSOR )，配合方向盘的转角和传动轴的转速，可计算出汽车在甩尾或失控的情况下的最佳运动轨迹。ESP系统不仅能提供汽车最佳的循迹方向，而且能在行驶中保证最佳的驾驶稳定性，特别是在转弯和180°回转的情况下，作用十分显著。

2.汽车悬挂系统的新技术应用

　　悬架主要影响汽车的垂直振动。传统的汽车悬架是不可调整的，在行车中车身高度的变化取决于弹簧的变形。因此就自然存在了一种现象，当汽车空载和满载的时候，车身的离地间隙是不一样的。尤其是一些轿车采用比较柔软的螺旋弹簧，满载后弹簧的变形行程会比较大，导致汽车空载和满载的时候离地间隙相差有几十毫米，使汽车的通过性受到影响。

　　汽车不同的行驶状态对悬架有不同的要求。一般行驶时需要柔软一点的悬架以求舒适感，当急转弯及制动时又需要硬一点的悬架以求稳定性，两者之间有矛盾。另外，汽车行驶的不同环境对车身高度的要求也是不一样的。一成不变的悬架无法满足这种矛盾的需求，只能采取折中的方式去解决。在电子技术发展的带动下，工程师设计出一种可以在一定范围内调整的电子控制悬架来满足这种需求。这种悬架称为电控悬架，目前比较常见的是电控空气悬架形式。

2.1电控空气悬架

　　空气悬架多用于大客车上，停车时悬架下降汽车离地间隙减少，便于乘客上下车，开车时悬架上升便于通行。这种空气悬架系统由空气压缩机、阀门、弹簧、气室(气囊)、减振器所组成。车辆高度直接靠阀门控制气室的空气流进流出来调整。

　　现在轿车用的电控悬架引入空气悬架原理和电子控制技术，将两者结合在一起。典型的电控悬架由电子控制元件(ECU)、空气压缩机、车高传感器、转向角度传感器、速度传感器、制动传感器、空气弹簧元件等组成。

　　空气弹簧元件是由电控减振器、阀门、双气室所组成。电控减振器顶部有一个小型电动机，可通过它转动一个调整量孔大小的控制杆将阻尼分成多级，从而实现控制阻尼的目的。阀门也充当了一个调节气流的作用，通常双气室是连通的，合起来的总容积起着空气弹簧的作用，比较柔软；但当关闭双气室之间的阀门时，则以一个气室的容量来承担空气弹簧的作用，就会变得硬，因此阀门起到控制"弹簧"变软变硬的作用。

　　电控悬架工作时，阀门的相互作用控制通向空气弹簧元件的气流量。传感器检测出汽车的行驶状态并反馈至ECU，ECU综合这些反馈信息计算并输出指令控制空气弹簧元件的电动机和阀门，从而使电控悬架随行驶及路面状态不同而变化：在一般行驶中，空气弹簧变软、阻尼变弱，获得舒适的乘坐感；在急转弯或者制动时，则迅速转换成硬的空气弹簧和较强的阻尼，以提高车身的稳定性。同时，该系统的电控减振器还能调整汽车高度，可以随车速的增加而降低车身高度(减小离地间隙)，减少风阻以节省能源；在车速比较慢时车身高度又可恢复正常。

2.2汽车主动悬架

　　现代汽车中的悬架有两种，一种是从动悬架，另一种是主动悬架。从动悬架即传统式的悬架，是由弹簧、减振器(减振筒)、导向机构等组成，它的功能是减弱路面传给车身的冲击力，衰减由冲击力而引起的承载系统的振动。

　　其中弹簧主要起减缓冲击力的作用，减振器的主要作用是衰减振动由于这种悬架是由外力驱动而起作用的，所以称为从动悬架。

　　而主动悬架的控制环节中安装了能够产生抽动的装置，采用一种以力抑力的方式来抑制路面对车身的冲击力及车身的倾斜力。由于这种悬架能够自行产生作用力，因此称为主动悬架。

　　主动悬架是近十几年发展起来的，由电脑控制的一种新型悬架，具备三个条件：

(1) 具有能够产生作用力的动力源；

(2) 执行元件能够传递这种作用力并能连续工作；

(3) 具有多种传感器并将有关数据集中到微电脑进行运算并决定控制方式。

3.汽车传动系统新技术应用

3.1无级变速技术(CVT)

　　无级变速技术(CVT, 即Continuously Variable Transmission)能实现传动比的连续改变，它是采用传动带和工作直径可变的主、从动轮相配合传递动力。可以使传动系与发动机工况实现最佳匹配，提高整车的燃油经济性和动力性，改善驾驶员的操纵方便性和乘员的乘坐舒适性。

　　金属带式无级变速器的系统主要包括主动轮组、从动轮组、金属带和液压泵等基本部件。金属带由两束金属环和几百个金属片构成。主动轮组和从动轮组都由可动盘和固定盘组成，与油缸靠近的一侧带轮可以在轴上滑动，另一侧则固定。可动盘与固定盘都是锥面结构，它们的锥面形成V型槽来与V型金属传动带啮合。发动机输出轴输出的动力首先传递到CVT的主动轮，然后通过V型传动带传递到从动轮，最后经减速器、差速器传递给车轮来驱动汽车。工作时通过主动轮与从动轮的可动盘作轴向移动来改变主动轮、从动轮锥面与V型传动带啮合的工作半径，从而改变传动比。可动盘的轴向移动量是由驾驶者根据需要通过控制系统调节主动轮、从动轮液压泵油缸压力来实现的。由于主动轮和从动轮的工作半径可以实现连续调节，从而实现了无级变速。

3.2电子车轮控制技术

　　将驱动系统放置在车轮上的概念始于1982年。如今，车轮驱动技术M4已经具备了从一般设计投入实际使用的条件。这一技术将米其林公司的PAX跑气保用技术与驱动和控制系统相结合，已用在电动车和混合动力车上。

M4技术是一个非常柔性化的系统，可作为2轮或4轮驱动的燃料电池动力车、电动车、串联和并联混合动力车(公共汽车、轻卡、观光车和重型卡车等)的辅助动力源。它带有自载电器，不管扭矩大小，都能瞬时分配到各车轮。由于操控力是分配到各个车轮的，而且各车轮直接驱动，因此车轮在加速和制动过程都能完全独立控制。其结果是可以对正常驱动、减速、防抱死制动和完全滑行等各种状态很好地控制。

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