Python进阶—

自省——指在运行时判断一个对象的类型的能力。

一、 dir

dir是自省的最重要的函数之一。
它返回一个个列表，列出了一个对象所拥有的属性和方法。
例子：

my_list={1,2}
dir(my_list)

输出：

['__and__','__class__','__contains__','__delattr__','__dir__','__doc__','__eq__','__format__','__ge__','__getattribute__','__gt__','__hash__','__iand__','__init__','__init_subclass__','__ior__','__isub__','__iter__','__ixor__','__le__','__len__','__lt__','__ne__','__new__','__or__','__rand__','__reduce__','__reduce_ex__','__repr__','__ror__','__rsub__','__rxor__','__setattr__','__sizeof__','__str__','__sub__','__subclasshook__','__xor__','add','clear','copy','difference','difference_update','discard','intersection','intersection_update','isdisjoint','issubset','issuperset','pop','remove','symmetric_difference','symmetric_difference_update','union','update']

上面的自省给了我们该列表对象所有的方法的名字。如果运行dir()不传入参数，则会返回当前作用域所有名字。

二、type和id

type函数返回一个对象的类型。如：

print(type(""))
print(type([]))
print(type({}))
输出：
<class 'str'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'dict'>

id()函数返回任意不同种类对象的唯一ID，如：

name="hello"
print(id(name))
输出：
51702304

三、inspect模块
该模块提供了许多有用的函数，来获取活跃对象的信息。比如：
查看一个对象的成员：

import inspect
print(inspect.getmembers(str))
输出：
[('__add__', <slot wrapper '__add__' of 'str' objects>), ('__class__', <class 'type'>), ('__contains__', <slot wrapper '__contains__' of 'str' objects>), ('__delattr__', <slot wrapper '__delattr__' of 'object' objects>), ('__dir__', <method '__dir__' of 'object' objects>), ('__doc__', "str(object='') -> str\nstr(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\n\nCreate a new string object from the given object. If encoding or\nerrors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer\nthat will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.\nOtherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)\nor repr(object).\nencoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().\nerrors defaults to 'strict'."), ('__eq__', <slot wrapper '__eq__' of 'str' objects>), ('__format__', <method '__format__' of 'str' objects>), ('__ge__', <slot wrapper '__ge__' of 'str' objects>), ('__getattribute__', <slot wrapper '__getattribute__' of 'str' objects>), ('__getitem__', <slot wrapper '__getitem__' of 'str' objects>), ('__getnewargs__', <method '__getnewargs__' of 'str' objects>), ('__gt__', <slot wrapper '__gt__' of 'str' objects>), ('__hash__', <slot wrapper '__hash__' of 'str' objects>), ('__init__', <slot wrapper '__init__' of 'object' objects>), ('__init_subclass__', <built-in method __init_subclass__ of type object at 0x6486BF00>), ('__iter__', <slot wrapper '__iter__' of 'str' objects>), ('__le__', <slot wrapper '__le__' of 'str' objects>), ('__len__', <slot wrapper '__len__' of 'str' objects>), ('__lt__', <slot wrapper '__lt__' of 'str' objects>), ('__mod__', <slot wrapper '__mod__' of 'str' objects>), ('__mul__', <slot wrapper '__mul__' of 'str' objects>), ('__ne__', <slot wrapper '__ne__' of 'str' objects>), ('__new__', <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x6486BF00>), ('__reduce__', <method '__reduce__' of 'object' objects>), ('__reduce_ex__', <method '__reduce_ex__' of 'object' objects>), ('__repr__', <slot wrapper '__repr__' of 'str' objects>), ('__rmod__', <slot wrapper '__rmod__' of 'str' objects>), ('__rmul__', <slot wrapper '__rmul__' of 'str' objects>), ('__setattr__', <slot wrapper '__setattr__' of 'object' objects>), ('__sizeof__', <method '__sizeof__' of 'str' objects>), ('__str__', <slot wrapper '__str__' of 'str' objects>), ('__subclasshook__', <built-in method __subclasshook__ of type object at 0x6486BF00>), ('capitalize', <method 'capitalize' of 'str' objects>), ('casefold', <method 'casefold' of 'str' objects>), ('center', <method 'center' of 'str' objects>), ('count', <method 'count' of 'str' objects>), ('encode', <method 'encode' of 'str' objects>), ('endswith', <method 'endswith' of 'str' objects>), ('expandtabs', <method 'expandtabs' of 'str' objects>), ('find', <method 'find' of 'str' objects>), ('format', <method 'format' of 'str' objects>), ('format_map', <method 'format_map' of 'str' objects>), ('index', <method 'index' of 'str' objects>), ('isalnum', <method 'isalnum' of 'str' objects>), ('isalpha', <method 'isalpha' of 'str' objects>), ('isascii', <method 'isascii' of 'str' objects>), ('isdecimal', <method 'isdecimal' of 'str' objects>), ('isdigit', <method 'isdigit' of 'str' objects>), ('isidentifier', <method 'isidentifier' of 'str' objects>), ('islower', <method 'islower' of 'str' objects>), ('isnumeric', <method 'isnumeric' of 'str' objects>), ('isprintable', <method 'isprintable' of 'str' objects>), ('isspace', <method 'isspace' of 'str' objects>), ('istitle', <method 'istitle' of 'str' objects>), ('isupper', <method 'isupper' of 'str' objects>), ('join', <method 'join' of 'str' objects>), ('ljust', <method 'ljust' of 'str' objects>), ('lower', <method 'lower' of 'str' objects>), ('lstrip', <method 'lstrip' of 'str' objects>), ('maketrans', <built-in method maketrans of type object at 0x6486BF00>), ('partition', <method 'partition' of 'str' objects>), ('replace', <method 'replace' of 'str' objects>), ('rfind', <method 'rfind' of 'str' objects>), ('rindex', <method 'rindex' of 'str' objects>), ('rjust', <method 'rjust' of 'str' objects>), ('rpartition', <method 'rpartition' of 'str' objects>), ('rsplit', <method 'rsplit' of 'str' objects>), ('rstrip', <method 'rstrip' of 'str' objects>), ('split', <method 'split' of 'str' objects>), ('splitlines', <method 'splitlines' of 'str' objects>), ('startswith', <method 'startswith' of 'str' objects>), ('strip', <method 'strip' of 'str' objects>), ('swapcase', <method 'swapcase' of 'str' objects>), ('title', <method 'title' of 'str' objects>), ('translate', <method 'translate' of 'str' objects>), ('upper', <method 'upper' of 'str' objects>), ('zfill', <method 'zfill' of 'str' objects>)]

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Python进阶——自省

一、 dir

二、type和id

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