Content By The Readability Group

可读性组的内容

Typefaces are the foundation of accessible visual reading experiences, so choosing a performant typeface that enhances legibility and readability for people with poor vision, learning disabilities, aphasia, dyslexia or low adult literacy is of paramount importance if you want your written information to be as accessible as possible.

字体是可访问的视觉阅读体验的基础，因此，如果希望您的书面信息易于访问，那么选择一种能提高视力不好，学习障碍，失语，阅读障碍或成人识字率低的人的可读性和可读性的高性能字体至关重要。尽可能。

The type design elements in this article form a baseline for accessibility. To be truly accessible type has to be designed in combination with the other best practices but without a good choice of typeface things like colour contrast will have limited impact.

本文中的类型设计元素构成了可访问性的基线。 要成为真正可访问的字体，必须将其与其他最佳实践结合起来设计，但如果没有好的字体选择，则诸如色彩对比之类的事物将产生有限的影响。

The elements listed below are not the only considerations for typeface accessibility, but they are a foundation to help make informed choices that are based on neuroscience and user data from the formative study. There are some typefaces that claim to be “accessible” for various user groups but are based on little more than hypothesis and anecdote, so check claims before you make a decision.

下面列出的元素并不是字体可访问性的唯一考虑因素，但它们是帮助基于神经科学和形成性研究中的用户数据做出明智选择的基础。 有些字体声称可以供各种用户使用，但是仅基于假设和轶事，因此请在做出决定之前检查声明。

If learning more about the subject is something you would like to explore further, an extensive list of reliable studies and resources are listed at the end of this article.

如果您想进一步了解更多有关该主题的知识，请在本文末尾列出大量可靠的研究和资源。

英国广播公司瑞思和卡兰 (BBC Reith and Qalam)

When developing and testing BBC Reith and Qalam, the project team included a neuroscientist, Dr Alessia Nicotra MD, PhD Neurology and Neurophysiology, as an expert advisor. This was to help develop an understanding within the team of how different people with different abilities read. This not only informed the approach to developing Reith but it also informed the methodologies used when it came to the various rounds of readability testing.

在开发和测试BBC Reith和Qalam时，项目团队由一名神经科学家，神经病学和神经生理学博士Alessia Nicotra博士担任专家顾问。 这是为了帮助团队了解不同能力的人如何阅读。 这不仅为开发Reith的方法提供了信息，而且还为进行各种不同的可读性测试提供了方法。

The user groups in the research included people with moderate to severe vision impairment, dyslexia and people who didn’t identify with any related condition and BBC Reith outperformed the typefaces it was benchmarked against; Helvetica, Ariel, Gill Sans and Tiresias.

该研究的用户群包括中度至重度视力障碍，阅读障碍者以及没有发现任何相关病症的人，而BBC Reith的表现优于其基准。 Helvetica，Ariel，Gill Sans和Tiresias。

辅助功能 (Accessibility Features)

A byproduct of the research and many rounds of contextual user testing enabled us to identify the following considerations. When these are applied in combination, can inform typeface design or font choices that enable greater legibility, readability and therefore accessibility for people whom either have a learning disability, visual impairment, aphasia or dyslexia, whilst retaining the brand integrity of any organisation’s website or application.

研究的副产品和许多轮上下文用户测试使我们能够确定以下注意事项。 当将它们组合使用时，可以告知字体设计或字体选择，从而使具有学习障碍，视觉障碍，失语症或阅读障碍的人拥有更大的可读性，可读性，并因此获得更多访问权限，同时保留任何组织的网站或应用程序的品牌完整性。

It is worth noting at this point that Dyslexia is not a visual but rather a developmental neurological condition that affects the processing of word sound and comprehension. There are a number of other cognitive traits or conditions such as letter mirroring which affects people without dyslexia too. These include Irlen syndrome or visual discomfort (migraines) that affect a significant percentage of the population including people with dyslexia but not exclusive to the condition. It is also worth noting that the occurrence of dyslexia is significantly impacted by the transparency or opaqueness of language. As a result instances of dyslexia in languages like German or Italian are significantly lower than for English or French.

在这一点上值得注意的是，诵读困难不是视觉的，而是影响单词发音和理解力的发展性神经病。 还有许多其他认知特征或条件，例如字母镜像也影响没有阅读障碍的人。 这些疾病包括艾伦综合症或视力不适(偏头痛)，这些疾病会影响相当大比例的人群，包括诵读困难的人，但并非唯一。 还值得注意的是，诵读困难的发生受到语言透明或不透明的显着影响。 结果，德语或意大利语等语言的阅读障碍病例明显少于英语或法语。

Some of these traits that are not core to a dyslexia diagnosis are better served through the provision of lower contrast colour schemes or specific colour combinations that support specific visual processing needs.

通过提供低对比度的配色方案或支持特定视觉处理需求的特定颜色组合，可以更好地解决并非诵读困难症诊断核心的某些特征。

So here are a few guidelines you can use:

因此，您可以使用以下准则：

1. Use a font style that is appropriate to your audience.

   使用适合您的受众的字体样式。

2. Minimise the occurrence of imposter letter shapes that are designed to be very similar to other letter shapes as part of the typeface’s visual style.

   最大限度地减少冒名顶替者出现的形状，这些形状设计为与其他字母形状非常相似，这是该字体的视觉样式的一部分。

3. Minimise the occurrence of mirroring letter shapes.

   最小化镜像字母形状的出现。

4. Letters should be easily distinguishable from one another.

   字母应易于区分。

5. Humanist typefaces are generally more legible at smaller sizes than grotesque typefaces.

   人文主义字体通常比怪诞字体更小，更小。

6. Ensure the typeface has adequate letter spacing.

   确保字体具有足够的字母间距。

7. There should be a visible difference between capital height and ascenders.

   资本高度和上升者之间应该有明显的区别。

8. Test the suitability of any typeface/font in context.

   在上下文中测试任何字体/字体的适用性。

1.使用适合您的受众和组织品牌的字体。 (1. Use a Typeface that is Appropriate to Your Audience and The Organisation’s Brand.)

For Children or Adults who are learning to read or have a low reading ability, the less complex shapes of sans serif typefaces can help with character recognition. Serif style typefaces can enable more fluid readability for advanced readers due to the additional disambiguated letter shaping. Serifs form word shapes to enable more fluid readability however sans serif can aid individual character recognition for less advanced readers.

对于学习阅读或阅读能力较弱的儿童或成人，无衬线字体的较简单形状可以帮助识别字符。 衬线样式的字体可以使文字更加清晰，从而为高级读者提供了更好的可读性。 衬线形成单词形状以提高可读性，但是sans衬线可以帮助不太高级的阅读器识别单个字符。

Longer reading experiences can benefit from serifs which enable better saccadic flow of reading, reducing user fatigue and increasing reading speeds and comprehension.

衬线可以使阅读体验更加顺畅，从而延长用户的阅读体验，从而减少用户疲劳并提高阅读速度和理解力。

For the youngest readers, adults with low literacy or for people with more profound learning difficulties the single storey ‘a’ (Example in Comic Sans) can be easier to recognise than its double storey variant.

对于最年轻的读者，识字能力较低的成年人或学习困难较大的人，单层“ a”(双层“漫画”中的示例)比其双层结构更容易识别。

This and the more casual visual style in Comic Sans is popular with organisations that focus on communicating with children or about children. This choice however can undermine an organisation where the tone should be more formal or fashionable, and undermine the organisation’s brand integrity.

“漫画无神”中的这种和更随意的视觉风格在注重与儿童或儿童交流的组织中很受欢迎。 但是，这种选择可能会破坏组织的语气，使组织风格更正式或更时髦，并破坏组织的品牌完整性。

Higgs Boson Discovery Announcement Made In Comic Sans (https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/07/04/higgs-boson-discovery-comic-sans_n_1648494.html

希格斯玻色子 ( Higgs Boson)发现公告在Comic Sans ( https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/07/04/higgs-boson-discovery-comic-sans_n_1648494.html

For advanced readers a single storey ‘a’ can be a distraction to the smooth reading experience because of its similarity to other letter shapes such as ‘o’ or ‘c’, or ‘d’ even. Once learned, a double storey ‘a’ provides a better differentiation and aids reading flow.

对于高级阅读器，单层的“ a”可能会干扰流畅的阅读体验，因为它与其他字母形状(例如“ o”或“ c”或“ d”)相似。 一经学习，双层“ a”将提供更好的区分效果并有助于阅读。

As children develop their reading ability develops. They start by learning the individual character shapes and associated sounds, then they move to recognising groupings, full words and eventually move to reading in saccades. During a saccade the eye/brain fixates on a single character picking up two to three characters to the left and three to four characters to the right, and eventually jumps to the next fixation point, approx. seven characters ahead. Please be mindful of your intended audience as not everyone may have acquired the same proficiency levels of saccadic reading.

随着儿童的发展，他们的阅读能力也在发展。 他们从学习单个字符的形状和相关的声音开始，然后转向识别分组，完整的单词，最后转向扫视阅读。 在扫视过程中，眼睛/大脑固定在单个字符上，向左拾取两到三个字符，向右拾取三到四个字符，并最终跳到下一个注视点。 前面七个字符。 请注意您的目标受众，因为并非每个人都能获得相同的阅读水平。

In some instances typeface/font accessibility might be treated as an ‘alternative’ the user can switch to or as with BBC Reith, there are additional characters or font variations so the default can be optimised for children or display in difficult contexts such as a condensed version for data tables.

在某些情况下，字体/字体的可访问性可能被视为“替代”，用户可以切换到BBC Reith或像使用BBC Reith一样，还存在其他字符或字体变化，因此可以针对儿童优化默认设置或在困难的环境下(例如简明)显示数据表的版本。

2.避免设计与其他字母形状非常相似的冒名顶替的字母形状。 (2. Avoid Imposter Letter Shapes that are Designed to be Very Similar to Other Letter Shapes.)

Some typefaces have letterform designs that are virtually identical for multiple letters.

一些字体的字母样式设计对于多个字母实际上是相同的。

The letters “I1l” (upper case ‘i’, the number one and lower case L in Gill Sans) are a good example of this issue.

字母“ 111”(Gill Sans中的大写字母“ i”，数字L和小写字母L)是此问题的一个很好的例子。

To avoid this problem choose a typeface or font with distinct features on both the top and/or the bottom of the capital ‘I’ and a short but noticeable arm on the top of the number ‘1’.

为避免此问题，请选择在大写字母“ I”的顶部和/或底部都具有明显特征的字体或字体，并在数字“ 1”的顶部使用短而醒目的手臂。

3.确保没有镜像。 (3. Ensure there is no Mirroring.)

All sighted young children horizontally flip letters as part of their early neurological development. At around the age of six years old, however, this neurological trait resolves itself as part of ongoing physiological development, however in some children this development stage doesn’t occur and accordingly letter flipping effect is lifelong. In extremely rare occasions the mirroring effect may also be re-introduced because of brain trauma. As such d and b, or q and p, should be obviously unique in shape and have no ambiguous characteristics.

所有视力良好的幼儿水平翻转字母作为他们早期神经系统发育的一部分。 然而，在大约六岁的时候，这种神经系统性状会随着正在进行的生理发育而自我解决，但是在某些儿童中，这种发育阶段并未发生，因此翻书效果是终身的。 在极少数情况下，由于脑外伤也可能会重新引入镜像效果。 这样，d和b或q和p的形状显然应该是唯一的，并且没有模棱两可的特征。

4.字母应易于区分。 (4. Letters should be Easily Distinguishable From One Another.)

For people with moderate to more severe vision impairment the characters o, c, e or a can be easily confused, which in turn makes words harder to identify.

对于中度至重度视力障碍的人来说，o，c，e或a字符很容易混淆，这反过来会使单词更难以识别。

If the shapes are too closed, or their counters are too small, then they can begin to look very similar. Typefaces with tight apertures can cause the counter to appear fully closed to many readers with moderate to severe vision impairment or lower reading ability. Conversely more open counters within the letterforms themselves can increase legibility by better emphasising the unique shape, and are therefore preferable.

如果形状太封闭或它们的计数器太小，则它们可能开始看起来非常相似。 具有小Kong的字体可能会导致许多中度至重度视力障碍或阅读能力降低的阅读器完全看不到计数器。 相反，通过更好地强调独特形状，字母形式本身中的更多开放式计数器可以提高可读性，因此是可取的。

5.人文主义字体通常比怪诞字体更清晰易读 (5. Humanist Typefaces are Generally More Legible at Smaller Sizes than Grotesque Typefaces)

Humanist typefaces tend to have more varied character widths. This aids with disambiguated letter shaping, and thus aids in particular with quick and accurate letter recognition. Varied character widths aid character recognition for people with all types of eye condition or learning disabilities.

人文主义字体往往具有更多不同的字符宽度。 这有助于消除歧义的字母成形，因此尤其有助于快速和准确的字母识别。 各种字符宽度可帮助各种类型的眼疾或学习障碍者识别字符。

6.确保字体具有足够的字母间距 (6. Ensure The Typeface Has Adequate Letter Spacing)

The tighter the letter spacing is the less people with even mild vision impairments are able to identify the individual characters. Letters can become adjoined such as “ol”, “lo” or “vv”, or simply make the individual letter shapes within tight groupings harder to decode. Tight letter spacing is also causes reduced readability for people with good vision and reading proficiency.

字母间距越紧密，即使是轻度视力障碍的人也无法识别各个字符。 字母可能会相邻，例如“ ol”，“ lo”或“ vv”，或者只是使紧缩组中的各个字母形状更难于解码。 紧紧的字母间距还会导致视力和阅读能力较差的人降低可读性。

In particular people with vision impairment, reading difficulties or cognitive disabilities struggle with tight letter spacing as it creates visual crowding which can make the job of focusing on and recognising an individual character difficult.

特别是有视力障碍，阅读困难或认知障碍的人会因字母间距紧而挣扎，因为这会造成视觉拥挤，这可能会使专注和识别单个字符的工作变得困难。

7.资本高度和上升者之间应该有明显的区别 (7. There Should be a Visible Difference Between Capital Height and Ascenders)

Ambiguity can impact character recognition and, accordingly, the quick and correct decoding of characters (legibility). Raising Ascenders above capital heights and other features can greatly improve individual character recognition.

模糊性会影响字符识别，从而影响字符的快速正确解码(易读性)。 将Ascender提升到资本高度和其他功能之上可以极大地改善单个字符的识别能力。

8.在上下文中测试任何字体/字体的适用性 (8. Test the Suitability of any Typeface/Font in Context)

When selecting a typeface/font for use in a website or an app, test readability and legibility in comparison with other candidates. The characteristics in recommendations 1 to 7 provide a starting point for discussion and expert review. However these, like all accessibility guidelines, are of technical nature, whereas usability and effectiveness can only be measured by testing with a broad range of people with and without impairments or disabilities. Recommended conditions to be focused on with the user group are people with Dyslexia as well as Moderate to Severe Vision Impairment, Aphasia and Adult Learning Disabilities.

选择要在网站或应用程序中使用的字体/字体时，与其他候选项相比，请测试其可读性和可读性。 建议1至7中的特征为讨论和专家评审提供了起点。 但是，这些与所有可访问性指南一样，都是技术性的，而可用性和有效性只能通过对广泛的有或没有残障或残障人士进行测试来衡量。 与该用户群一起关注的推荐条件是阅读障碍者，中度至重度视力障碍，失语症和成人学习障碍者。

Testing is recommended to be done in isolation as well as in situ to ensure that the combination of typeface/font, along with it’s design application, does not negatively impact your reading audience, and that the choice is based on a performant typeface as well as typography. This can be approached in a number of ways and function should be measured in combination of preference and performance.

建议单独进行测试并在原处进行测试，以确保字体/字体及其设计应用程序的组合不会对阅读人群产生负面影响，并且选择基于性能出色的字体和版式。 这可以通过多种方式来实现，并且应该结合偏好和性能来衡量功能。

感谢您的输入和本文的帮助，转给我的可读性小组的其他合作者： (Thanks for input and help with this article goes to my fellow Readability Group collaborators:)

Bruno Maag, Chairman of Dalton Maag

道尔顿·马格 (Dalton Maag)董事长布鲁诺·马格 ( Bruno Maag)

David Bailey, Principal Designer (Brand), BBC

大卫贝利 ，首席设计师(品牌)，英国广播公司

Michael Mathews, Senior Research Engineer, Accessibility, BBC

迈克尔·马修斯 ，高级研究工程师，交通方便，BBC

相关的WCAG设计指南 (Related WCAG Design Guidelines)

Captions 1.2.2, Colour Contrast 1.4.3, Resizing of Text 1.4.4, Images of Text 1.4.5, Contrast (enhanced)1.4.6, Visual Presentation 1.4.8, Images of Text (no exception) 1.4.9, Text Spacing 1.4.12 and Reading Level 3.1.5

字幕 1.2.2， 色彩对比 1.4.3， 调整大小文本 1.4.4， 文字图片 1.4.5， 对比度 (增强型)1.4.6， 视觉演示 1.4.8， 文本图像 (无例外)1.4.9， 文本间距 1.4.12和阅读水平 3.1.5

学术论文，网络文章和博客 (Academic Papers, Web Articles and Blogs)

A Practical Handbook on Accessible Graphic Design

无障碍图形设计实用手册

Association of Registered Graphic Designers, Canada https://www.rgd.ca/resources/accessibility/access

加拿大注册平面设计师协会https://www.rgd.ca/resources/accessibility/access

Anatomy of the Brain

脑部解剖

Mayfied Clinic https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm

梅菲德诊所https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm

A Ventral Visual Stream Reading Center Independent of Visual Experience

独立于视觉体验的腹式视觉流阅读中心

Lior Reich, Marcin Szwed, Laurent Cohen and Amir Amedi https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211000637

Lior Reich，Marcin Szwed，Laurent Cohen和Amir Amedi https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211000637

Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada

以色列-加拿大医学研究所医学神经生物学系

The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

耶路撒冷希伯来大学爱德蒙·莉莉·萨夫拉脑科学中心

ICM Research Center NeuroSpin Center, Commissariat à l’E ́nergie Atomique

ICM研究中心NeuroSpin中心，国家食品原子能委员会

Department of Neurology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié -Salpêtrière

巴黎大学公共医院神经科，皮蒂集团-Salpêtrière

Published online: February 17, 2011

在线发布：2011年2月17日

BBC Reith — Dalton Maag https://www.daltonmaag.com/work/bbc-reith

英国广播公司(BBC Reith)-道尔顿·马格(Dalton Maag) https://www.daltonmaag.com/work/bbc-reith

BBC’s New Typeface BBC Reith is Designed to Improve Legibility on Screen. Lucy Bourton https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/bbc-reith-typeface-graphic-design-110817

BBC的新字体BBC Reith旨在提高屏幕的清晰度。 露西·伯顿(Lucy Bourton) https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/bbc-reith-typeface-graphic-design-110817

Get To Grips With Accessible Web Typography. Phil Garnham, Netmag https://www.creativebloq.com/features/master-accessible-web-typography

掌握可访问的Web印刷术。 Netmag的Phil Garnham( https://www.creativebloq.com/features/master-accessible-web-typography)

Introducing Reith — the new face of the BBC. David Bailey, BBC https://www.bbc.co.uk/gel/articles/introducing-bbc-reith

Reith简介-BBC的新面Kong。 英国广播公司(BBC)大卫·贝利(David Bailey) https://www.bbc.co.uk/gel/articles/introducing-bbc-reith

It’s About Legibility, Allan Haley, Monotype https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fontology/level-4/fine-typography/legibility

这与易读性有关，艾伦·海利(Allan Haley)，Monotype https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fontology/level-4/fine-typography/legibility

Legibility and Readability, What’s the Difference? Ilene Strizver https://creativepro.com/legibility-and-readability-whats-the-difference/

可读性和可读性有什么区别？ 艾琳·史翠兹(Ilene Strizver) https://creativepro.com/legibility-and-readability-whats-the-difference/

Reading in the Brain. Stanislas Dehaene https://readinginthebrain.pagesperso-orange.fr/intro.htm

在大脑中阅读。 斯坦尼斯拉斯·德海恩https://readinginthebrain.pagesperso-orange.fr/intro.htm

ISBN 9780143118053

书号 9780143118053

The Dyslexia Debate (Cambridge Studies in Cognitive and Perceptual Development). Julian G. Elliott, Elena L. Grigorenko

阅读障碍辩论(认知和知觉发展的剑桥研究)。 朱利安·埃利奥特(Julian G.Elliott)，埃琳娜·格里戈连科(Elena L.Grigorenko)

ISBN: 9780521135870

国际标准书号(ISBN)： 9780521135870

Typeface Legibility for Visually Impaired Readers. Sophie Beier https://sofiebeier.dk/

视障读者的字体可读性。 索菲·贝尔(Sophie Beier) https://sofiebeier.dk/

The Science of Word Recognition. Kevin Larson, Microsoft https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/develop/word-recognition

单词识别科学。 微软的凯文·拉森(Kevin Larson) https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/typography/develop/word-recognition

The Effect of Type Design and Typesetting on Visually Impaired Readers. Eleni Beveratou, Dalton Maag https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309749121_The_effect_of_type_design_and_typesetting_on_visually_impaired_readers

字体设计和排版对视障读者的影响。 Eleni Beveratou，道尔顿·马格(Dalton Maag) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309749121_The_effect_of_type_design_and_typesetting_on_visually_impaired_readers

Why do some children learn to read without explicit teaching? Jennifer Buckingham & Anne Castles https://www.nomanis.com.au/post/why-do-some-children-learn-to-read-without-explicit-teaching

为什么有些孩子在没有明确教导的情况下学习阅读？ 詹妮弗·白金汉＆安妮城堡https://www.nomanis.com.au/post/why-do-some-children-learn-to-read-with-without-explicit-teaching

英国和美国的成人扫盲报告 (Adult Literacy Reports for the UK and US)

Specifying a Reading Age for Web Content

指定Web内容的阅读年龄

by Sarah Richards https://contentdesign.london/reading/specifying-a-reading-age-for-web-content/

由莎拉·理查兹(Sarah Richards) https://contentdesign.london/reading/specifying-a-reading-age-for-web-content/

Adult Education Survey

成人教育调查

Department for Education https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adult-education-survey-2016

教育部https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adult-education-survey-2016

Understanding the Basic Reading Skills of U.S. Adults: Reading Components in the PIAAC Literacy Survey

了解美国成年人的基本阅读技能：PIAAC素养调查中的阅读成分

John Sabatini, Educational Testing Service https://lincs.ed.gov/professional-development/resource-collections/profile-896

约翰·萨巴蒂尼(John Sabatini)，教育考试服务中心https://lincs.ed.gov/professional-development/resource-collections/profile-896

#accessibility #a11y #fonts #typefaces #Dyslexia #Neurodiversity #cognitive #design #typography #graphics #inclusion #ADHD #cognition

＃无障碍＃a11y＃字体＃字体阅读困难＃神经多样性＃认知＃设计＃印刷术＃图形＃包含#ADHD＃认知