第四章

声明：Ayaka师傅yyds

存储器的分类和主要技术指标(了解)

要求：了解，知道，列举

存储器的7种分类

• 在计算机系统中的作用：主存储器(CPU中)，高速缓存存储器()，控制存储器，辅助存储器，帧缓存存储器
• 存储器的位置：内存储器(内存)，外存储器(外存等同于辅存)
• 访问类型：按内容访问的存储器，按地址访问的存储器(又分为与存储和时间和物理地址无关的：随机储存器；存取时间与物理地址有关的：顺序存储器，直接存取存储器)
• 按存储介质分：半导体存储器，磁表面存储器，光存储器
• 按读写功能分：读写存储器，只读存储器
• 按串、并行存取方式分类：串行存储器，并行存储器
• 按信息和可保存性分：永久性存储器，非永久性存储器

存储器的主要技术指标

• 三个主要方面：容量、速度、价格

  速度：

  存取时间：从启动一次存储器操作到完成该操作所经历的时间。

  存储周期：连续启动两次独立的存储器操作所需要的最短时间间隔

主存储器的基本组成和基本操作(理解)

要求：描述主存储器的组成。描述主存储器与CPU交换信息的过程。

主存储器的基本组成

早起计算机以计算为中心(过一眼)

现代计算机以主存储器为中心(理解)

• 为什么说现代计算机以主存储器为中心？
  • 程序和数据存放于主存储器(除暂存在CPU中)
  • 输入输出设备与主存储器交换数据方便
  • 共享数据，一般利用的是主存储器

主存储器与CPU交换信息的过程

半导体存储器(重点)

半导体储存器分类

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半导体存储芯片基本结构

静态随机存储器SRAM

六管静态存储单元工作原理

• 六管静态存储单元

制0时：

• SRAM与外部的联系

  

  • 读取

    由于稳定状态下，A和B的状态是互反的，所以只需要读取一端的电压情况即可。

    同时打开T5 ，T6， T7， T8，然后读出放大器就可以读取B的电压

  • 写入

    

    通过行选择线打开T5，T6，再通过列选择线打开T7，T8，

    再用过DIN传入信号，通过两个互反的写放大器，使A,B的值相反

  • 维持

    只要VDD，VGG，VSS同时供电就可以保持状态

    Vss的作用就是维持通路的作用

• 16×1存储器

  

SRAM读取周期时许

CS的下降沿是读取的开始，因为要在数据有效前开始读取

动态随机存储器DRAM

单管动态存储单元

三管动态存储单元

单管和三管的比较

16×1动态随机存储器

• **问题：**当Din写入一个'1'时候，，分别对读放两侧的单元进行写操作，且写入“1”时数据端送入高电位,那么，写操作完成以后，存储单元上有电荷还是无电荷?
  当Din输入高电位的时候，

  • 左边电路的Vdd的上极板和Din相连，所以上极板是高电位而且下极板始终是高电位，所以存储单元内没有电荷
  • 右边电路的Vdd的上极板和Din的反相连，所以上极板是低电位而且下极板始终是高电位，所以存储单元内有电荷

• **问题：**左右两侧表示1的方式相反，左边是高电位表示1，右边是低电位表示1，但是计算机里面的存储是稳定映射这矛盾嘛？
  所谓的固定的映射是指某一个单元用什么状态表示某一个信息是不变的，而不是说要让电路中的所有单元示一个信息的状态都一致。与固定映射不矛盾

动态：

DRAM读写周期时序

课上问题

• 为什么计算机中一个运行内存是8位？

  ASCII码中可见字符一共有2^7种情况

  由于为了检查计算机传输中出错，所以加上一个奇偶校验位。

• 什么是静态随机存储单元？

  • 静态是指：

    1、存储元件是静态的

    2、只要加上电源，信息就能一直保持

  • 随机是指：

    1、存储的物理地址是随机的

    2、访问时间固定和储存单元的物理地址是无关的

• 存储的本质：建立起一个物理信息和一种稳定状态的映射

• SRAM为什么速度快，但是容量做不大呢？

  • 同容量相比DRAM需要非常多的晶体管，发热量也非常大。
  • 一个内存单元需要的晶体管数量多，因而价格昂贵，容量不大。
  • 六管结构，如果做大了会导致结构冗杂，工艺要求高

为什么闪存不能作为PC机的内存条？
虽然闪存读取速度很快，但是闪存读写次数很小，内存需要反复读写，如果作为内存的话，寿命太短了。

期末必考的套路题

转自Ayaka师傅：
对于这道题，首先我们要清楚一件事，系统程序区要用ROM，因为是不改变的，而用户程序区要用RAM，因为随时可能发生变化。

然后应该关注到，CPU有16根地址线，8根数据线，这意味着我们字长应该是8位。

接下来看存储器中的地址是如何分布的，可以看到，系统程序区有0x800大小，也就是2k，所以我们选用的ROM经过扩展之后最终应该达到2kX8位的效果，然后发现题目中已经给出了2kX8位的ROM，直接选用即可。然后看用户程序区，大小为0x400，即1k，所以应该达到kX8位的效果，但是题目中给出的芯片只有1kX4位的，这就需要进行字扩展，选用两个1kX4位的就可以了。

分析：

本章要求